{"id":8374,"date":"2018-06-12T18:00:18","date_gmt":"2018-06-12T21:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=8374"},"modified":"2018-06-12T17:51:44","modified_gmt":"2018-06-12T20:51:44","slug":"1968-no-brasil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2018\/06\/12\/1968-no-brasil\/","title":{"rendered":"1968 no Brasil"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ricardo Antunes e Marcelo Ridenti<\/strong> –\u00a0O con\u00adtexto da crise.<\/p>\n

Pre\u00adsen\u00adci\u00adamos em 1968 a era das m\u00fal\u00adti\u00adplas ex\u00adplo\u00ads\u00f5es e re\u00advoltas no mundo todo: dos ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios, dos es\u00adtu\u00addantes, das mu\u00adlheres, dos ne\u00adgros, dos mo\u00advi\u00admentos am\u00adbi\u00aden\u00adta\u00adlistas e dos ho\u00admos\u00adse\u00adxuais, entre tantas ou\u00adtras formas de le\u00advante e de des\u00adcon\u00adten\u00adta\u00admento so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico.<\/p>\n

No que se re\u00adfere ao Brasil, apesar da in\u00adflu\u00eancia de fa\u00adtores ex\u00adternos e da iden\u00adti\u00addade com mo\u00advi\u00admentos con\u00adtes\u00adta\u00addores de ou\u00adtros pa\u00edses, 1968 teve suas es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adfi\u00adci\u00addades. Por exemplo, o mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil, de\u00adfla\u00adgrado em mar\u00e7o, se\u00adguiu uma di\u00adn\u00e2\u00admica de luta es\u00adpe\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfica e um ca\u00adlen\u00add\u00e1rio po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico pr\u00f3\u00adprio an\u00adte\u00adrior ao fa\u00admoso maio de 1968 na Fran\u00e7a. Do mesmo modo, as greves dos me\u00adta\u00adl\u00far\u00adgicos de Osasco (re\u00adgi\u00e3o in\u00addus\u00adtrial da Grande S\u00e3o Paulo), de\u00adsen\u00adca\u00addeada em julho, e as greves de Con\u00adtagem (re\u00adgi\u00e3o in\u00addus\u00adtrial da Grande Belo Ho\u00adri\u00adzonte), de\u00adfla\u00adgradas em abril e ou\u00adtubro do mesmo ano, foram muito mar\u00adcadas pela cena bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, ent\u00e3o em plena luta contra a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar.<\/p>\n

Isso n\u00e3o sig\u00adni\u00adfica que os bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros n\u00e3o es\u00adti\u00advessem sin\u00adto\u00adni\u00adzados com as ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es que ocor\u00adriam mundo afora. Havia uma s\u00e9rie de as\u00adpectos co\u00admuns, in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcados pelo \u201cclima po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico\u201d que im\u00adpe\u00adrava no ce\u00adn\u00e1rio mun\u00addial na\u00adquele ano. Em di\u00adfe\u00adrentes me\u00addidas, havia si\u00admi\u00adla\u00adri\u00addade de con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es, como a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o avan\u00ad\u00e7ada, a cres\u00adcente ur\u00adba\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o, a con\u00adso\u00adli\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o dos modos de vida e da cul\u00adtura das me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpoles, a mas\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o dada pela in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria cul\u00adtural, o au\u00admento e a di\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o do pro\u00adle\u00adta\u00adriado e das classes m\u00e9\u00addias as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adri\u00adadas, a im\u00adpor\u00adt\u00e2ncia dos jo\u00advens na com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o et\u00e1ria da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o e o acesso cres\u00adcente ao en\u00adsino su\u00adpe\u00adrior, al\u00e9m da in\u00adca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade do poder cons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00eddo de re\u00adpre\u00adsentar as so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addades que se re\u00adno\u00advavam.<\/p>\n

Se esses con\u00addi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnantes mais es\u00adtru\u00adtu\u00adrais n\u00e3o ex\u00adplicam por si s\u00f3s as ondas de re\u00adbeldia e de re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o, eles ofe\u00adre\u00adceram ao menos o solo onde flo\u00adres\u00adceram as a\u00e7\u00f5es po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas e cul\u00adtu\u00adrais di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adci\u00adadas que ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adrizam 1968 no Brasil. E, para com\u00adpre\u00adend\u00ea-lo, \u00e9 pre\u00adciso lem\u00adbrar dois mo\u00advi\u00admentos, re\u00adla\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente dis\u00adtintos em suas ori\u00adgens, mas bas\u00adtante ar\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlados em sua pro\u00adces\u00adsu\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade: o mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil e as greves ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrias.<\/p>\n

O mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil<\/strong><\/p>\n

O ano de 1968 ini\u00adciou-se no Brasil com a eclos\u00e3o de v\u00e1\u00adrias ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adtu\u00addantis. Os es\u00adtu\u00addantes rei\u00advin\u00addi\u00adcavam en\u00adsino p\u00fa\u00adblico e gra\u00adtuito para todos, de\u00admo\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o e me\u00adlhoria da qua\u00adli\u00addade do en\u00adsino su\u00adpe\u00adrior, com maior par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adtu\u00addantil nas de\u00adci\u00ads\u00f5es, e mais verbas para as pes\u00adquisas vol\u00adtadas para a re\u00adso\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o dos pro\u00adblemas econ\u00f4\u00admicos e so\u00adciais do pa\u00eds. Tamb\u00e9m con\u00adtes\u00adtavam a di\u00adta\u00addura im\u00adplan\u00adtada com o golpe de 1964 e o cer\u00adce\u00ada\u00admento das li\u00adber\u00addades de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adticas. A mai\u00adoria desses uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios es\u00adtu\u00addava em uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00addades p\u00fa\u00adblicas, mas o acesso ao en\u00adsino su\u00adpe\u00adrior era res\u00adtrito: havia muito mais pro\u00adcura que oferta de vagas.<\/p>\n

As ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adpo\u00adr\u00e1\u00addicas dos es\u00adtu\u00addantes vi\u00adnham sendo re\u00adpri\u00admidas desde 1966. Con\u00adtudo, as re\u00adbe\u00adli\u00f5es s\u00f3 de\u00adsa\u00adbro\u00adcharam re\u00adal\u00admente em 1968. Em 28 de mar\u00e7o da\u00adquele ano, a po\u00adl\u00edcia in\u00advadiu o res\u00adtau\u00adrante Ca\u00adla\u00adbou\u00e7o, no Rio de Ja\u00adneiro, fre\u00adquen\u00adtado es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente por se\u00adcun\u00adda\u00adristas po\u00adbres, entre eles Edson Lu\u00eds de Lima Souto, que foi morto. Pas\u00adse\u00adatas de pro\u00adtesto es\u00adpa\u00adlharam-se por todo o pa\u00eds a partir de ent\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Ao mesmo tempo, es\u00adbo\u00ad\u00e7avam-se mo\u00advi\u00admentos de con\u00adtes\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o no meio ope\u00adr\u00e1rio e em par\u00adcelas do sin\u00addi\u00adca\u00adlismo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro. Nas co\u00adme\u00admo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do 1o de Maio, em S\u00e3o Paulo, ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios e es\u00adtu\u00addantes ape\u00addre\u00adjaram o pa\u00adlanque em que dis\u00adcur\u00adsavam sin\u00addi\u00adca\u00adlistas e o go\u00adver\u00adnador do Es\u00adtado, Abreu Sodr\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Em junho de 1968, o mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil atingiu seu \u00e1pice. As pas\u00adse\u00adatas, as greves e as ocu\u00adpa\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es das fa\u00adcul\u00addades se ge\u00adne\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzaram. O Rio de Ja\u00adneiro serviu como ce\u00adn\u00e1rio prin\u00adcipal. Ali ocorreu a c\u00e9\u00adlebre Pas\u00adseata dos Cem Mil, no dia 26 de junho: es\u00adtu\u00addantes, in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtuais, ar\u00adtistas, re\u00adli\u00adgi\u00adosos e po\u00adpu\u00adlares foram \u00e0s ruas para pro\u00adtestar contra a di\u00adta\u00addura e a re\u00adpress\u00e3o po\u00adli\u00adcial. O go\u00adverno n\u00e3o coibiu a pas\u00adseata por causa da press\u00e3o p\u00fa\u00adblica. Foi for\u00admada uma ampla co\u00admiss\u00e3o para di\u00ada\u00adlogar com o go\u00adverno, sem su\u00adcesso. En\u00adquanto isso, v\u00e1\u00adrios aten\u00adtados eram pra\u00adti\u00adcados pelo Co\u00admando de Ca\u00e7a aos Co\u00admu\u00adnistas (CCC), uma or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o pa\u00adra\u00admi\u00adlitar de ex\u00adtrema-di\u00adreita com\u00adposta por es\u00adtu\u00addantes e po\u00adli\u00adciais e fi\u00adnan\u00adciada por grandes grupos ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas, com o claro apoio da di\u00adta\u00addura.<\/p>\n

A re\u00adpress\u00e3o se in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou. A Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00addade de Bra\u00ads\u00edlia foi in\u00adva\u00addida pela po\u00adl\u00edcia em 29 de agosto. Em S\u00e3o Paulo, no dia de 3 de ou\u00adtubro, um jovem foi as\u00adsas\u00adsi\u00adnado na Fa\u00adcul\u00addade de Fi\u00adlo\u00adsofia, ap\u00f3s o ataque de es\u00adtu\u00addantes e de pa\u00adra\u00admi\u00adli\u00adtares de di\u00adreita abri\u00adgados na Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00addade Mac\u00adkenzie. Em 15 de ou\u00adtubro, foi des\u00adman\u00adte\u00adlado o Con\u00adgresso da Uni\u00e3o Na\u00adci\u00adonal dos Es\u00adtu\u00addantes (UNE), que ocor\u00adreria em Ibi\u00fana, no in\u00adte\u00adrior pau\u00adlista. Todos os cerca de se\u00adte\u00adcentos uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios pre\u00adsentes foram presos, o que selou a der\u00adrota do mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro. V\u00e1\u00adrios deles pas\u00adsaram ent\u00e3o para a mi\u00adli\u00adt\u00e2ncia po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica clan\u00addes\u00adtina, unindo-se a or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de es\u00adquerda e vin\u00adcu\u00adlando-se at\u00e9 \u00e0 luta ar\u00admada, que pra\u00adticou suas pri\u00admeiras a\u00e7\u00f5es j\u00e1 em 1968 e se in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou nos anos se\u00adguintes.<\/p>\n

A con\u00adtes\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o ra\u00addical \u00e0 ordem es\u00adta\u00adbe\u00adle\u00adcida es\u00adpa\u00adlhou-se pelo ci\u00adnema, pelo te\u00adatro, pela m\u00fa\u00adsica po\u00adpular, pela li\u00adte\u00adra\u00adtura e pelas artes pl\u00e1s\u00adticas. Nos anos 1960, ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es cul\u00adtu\u00adrais di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adci\u00adadas can\u00adtavam em verso e prosa a es\u00adpe\u00adrada \u201cre\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira\u201d, que de\u00adveria ba\u00adsear-se na a\u00e7\u00e3o das massas po\u00adpu\u00adlares na qual a in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtu\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade de es\u00adquerda pre\u00adtendia en\u00adgajar-se e mesmo li\u00adderar.<\/p>\n

O mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mas havia outra fi\u00adgura so\u00adcial pre\u00adsente nesse ciclo de re\u00adbe\u00adli\u00f5es mun\u00addiais: o ope\u00adr\u00e1rio-massa, a par\u00adcela he\u00adgem\u00f4\u00adnica do pro\u00adle\u00adta\u00adriado da era tay\u00adlo\u00adrista-for\u00addista. As lutas de classes ocor\u00adridas em 1968 so\u00adla\u00adpavam o do\u00adm\u00ednio do ca\u00adpital pela base e tra\u00adziam \u00e0 tona a pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de uma he\u00adge\u00admonia (ou uma contra-he\u00adge\u00admonia) oriunda do mundo do tra\u00adbalho.<\/p>\n

Os ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios es\u00adtam\u00adpavam desse modo seu des\u00adcon\u00adten\u00adta\u00admento com a al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtiva so\u00adci\u00adal\u00adde\u00admo\u00adcrata, pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnante nos sin\u00addi\u00adcatos e nos par\u00adtidos, que rei\u00advin\u00addi\u00adcavam a re\u00adpre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o das for\u00e7as so\u00adciais do tra\u00adbalho e se\u00adguiam uma via ne\u00adgo\u00adcial, ins\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adci\u00adonal e con\u00adtra\u00adtu\u00ada\u00adlista dentro dos marcos do \u201ccom\u00adpro\u00admisso so\u00adcial-de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adtico\u201d. Se esse tra\u00e7o es\u00adteve pre\u00adsente nas lutas ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrias na Fran\u00e7a, em 1968, e, no ano se\u00adguinte, no Ou\u00adtono Quente na It\u00e1lia, e ainda no Cor\u00addo\u00adbazo, na Ar\u00adgen\u00adtina, entre tantas ou\u00adtras em ou\u00adtros pa\u00edses, no Brasil as greves ti\u00adnham um claro sen\u00adtido de con\u00adfronto, tanto com a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar, que cer\u00adceava a li\u00adber\u00addade e a au\u00adto\u00adnomia sin\u00addi\u00adcais, quanto com a po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica econ\u00f4\u00admica, que se fun\u00addava na su\u00adpe\u00adrex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho.<\/p>\n

A re\u00adpress\u00e3o ao mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio e sin\u00addical era con\u00addi\u00e7\u00e3o ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1ria para que o golpe mi\u00adlitar pu\u00addesse criar novos con\u00addi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnantes para a ex\u00adpans\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista e sua maior in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil. For\u00adte\u00admente re\u00adpres\u00adsiva, a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar cassou os par\u00adtidos po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos e criou dois par\u00adtidos ofi\u00adciais apenas; proibiu as greves, in\u00adter\u00adveio em di\u00adversos sin\u00addi\u00adcatos e de\u00adcretou a ile\u00adga\u00adli\u00addade da Cen\u00adtral Geral dos Tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores e da UNE.<\/p>\n

De\u00adpois de al\u00adguns anos de re\u00adsis\u00adt\u00eancia, foi no in\u00edcio de 1968 que a luta ope\u00adr\u00e1ria voltou mais forte e mais ofen\u00adsiva. Em abril, se\u00adtores sin\u00addi\u00adcais de es\u00adquerda li\u00adde\u00adraram uma greve em Con\u00adtagem que levou a re\u00adsul\u00adtados po\u00adsi\u00adtivos: a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar, sur\u00adpre\u00aden\u00addida pelo res\u00adsur\u00adgi\u00admento do mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio, acabou ce\u00addendo \u00e0s rei\u00advin\u00addi\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es tra\u00adba\u00adlhistas. Foi a pri\u00admeira vi\u00adt\u00f3ria de uma greve ope\u00adr\u00e1ria de\u00adpois de 1964. Novos n\u00fa\u00adcleos se for\u00admaram em Con\u00adtagem e Osasco, vin\u00adcu\u00adlados so\u00adbre\u00adtudo ao mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio ca\u00adt\u00f3\u00adlico de es\u00adquerda e a mi\u00adli\u00adtantes e sim\u00adpa\u00adti\u00adzantes de or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas mais cr\u00ed\u00adticas e ra\u00addi\u00adcais, \u00e0 es\u00adquerda do Par\u00adtido Co\u00admu\u00adnista Bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro (PCB). Os se\u00adtores mais mo\u00adde\u00adrados do sin\u00addi\u00adca\u00adlismo or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzaram-se no Mo\u00advi\u00admento In\u00adter\u00adsin\u00addical An\u00adti\u00adar\u00adrocho.<\/p>\n

Mas foi no m\u00eas de julho de 1968, em Osasco, que os ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzaram uma greve que se tor\u00adnaria len\u00add\u00e1ria. A ci\u00addade era con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrada um p\u00f3lo de mo\u00advi\u00admentos mais \u00e0 es\u00adquerda em raz\u00e3o da atra\u00e7\u00e3o exer\u00adcida pela opo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o sin\u00addical, que venceu as elei\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de 1967 para a di\u00adre\u00e7\u00e3o do Sin\u00addi\u00adcato dos Me\u00adta\u00adl\u00far\u00adgicos.<\/p>\n

An\u00adte\u00adci\u00adpando-se \u00e0 greve geral que seria re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada em ou\u00adtubro de 1968, m\u00eas do dis\u00ads\u00eddio co\u00adle\u00adtivo dos me\u00adta\u00adl\u00far\u00adgicos, a di\u00adre\u00e7\u00e3o sin\u00addical de Osasco es\u00adpe\u00adrava es\u00adtend\u00ea-la para ou\u00adtras re\u00adgi\u00f5es do pa\u00eds. Ini\u00adciada no dia 16 de julho, com a ocu\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o da Co\u00adbrasma, a greve atingiu as em\u00adpresas Bar\u00adreto Keller, Bra\u00adseixos, Gra\u00adnada, Lo\u00adna\u00adflex e Brown Bo\u00adveri. No dia se\u00adguinte, o Mi\u00adnis\u00adt\u00e9rio do Tra\u00adbalho de\u00adclarou a ile\u00adga\u00adli\u00addade da greve e de\u00adter\u00adminou in\u00adter\u00adven\u00e7\u00e3o no sin\u00addi\u00adcato. As for\u00e7as mi\u00adli\u00adtares con\u00adtro\u00adlavam todas as sa\u00eddas da ci\u00addade, e as f\u00e1\u00adbricas pa\u00adra\u00adli\u00adsadas foram cer\u00adcadas e in\u00adva\u00addidas.<\/p>\n

A partir de ent\u00e3o, acabou-se toda e qual\u00adquer pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de ma\u00adnu\u00adten\u00e7\u00e3o e am\u00adpli\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o da greve. Quatro dias de\u00adpois de ini\u00adciada a greve, os ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios re\u00adtor\u00adnaram ao tra\u00adbalho. Fora der\u00adro\u00adtada a greve mais im\u00adpor\u00adtante at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o de\u00adfla\u00adgrada contra a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar.<\/p>\n

Os di\u00adri\u00adgentes sin\u00addi\u00adcais mais com\u00adba\u00adtivos exi\u00adlaram-se ou pas\u00adsaram a atuar clan\u00addes\u00adti\u00adna\u00admente. Mais tarde, v\u00e1\u00adrios deles ade\u00adriram \u00e0s dis\u00adtintas or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de es\u00adquerda que par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adparam da luta ar\u00admada contra a di\u00adta\u00addura.<\/p>\n

Fa\u00adzendo um ba\u00adlan\u00e7o cr\u00ed\u00adtico do mo\u00advi\u00admento, Jos\u00e9 Ibrahim, prin\u00adcipal l\u00edder gre\u00advista, disse: \u201co go\u00adverno es\u00adtava em crise, ele n\u00e3o tinha sa\u00edda, o pro\u00adblema era agu\u00e7ar o con\u00adflito, trans\u00adformar a crise po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica em crise mi\u00adlitar. Da\u00ed vinha nossa con\u00adcep\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adsur\u00adre\u00adci\u00adonal de greve. O ob\u00adje\u00adtivo era levar a massa, atrav\u00e9s de uma ra\u00addi\u00adca\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o cres\u00adcente, a um con\u00adflito com as for\u00e7as de re\u00adpress\u00e3o. Foi essa con\u00adcep\u00e7\u00e3o que nos guiou quando, em julho de 1968, de\u00adci\u00addimos de\u00adsen\u00adca\u00addear a greve\u201d. (Re\u00advista Es\u00adcrita\/En\u00adsaio, S\u00e3o Paulo, Es\u00adcrita, 1980).<\/p>\n

Em ou\u00adtubro, ani\u00admados pela vi\u00adt\u00f3ria de abril, os ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios de Con\u00adtagem ini\u00adci\u00adaram outra greve por me\u00adlhores con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de tra\u00adbalho e contra o ar\u00adrocho sa\u00adla\u00adrial. Mas o con\u00adtexto da di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar era de claro re\u00adcru\u00addes\u00adci\u00admento. A pa\u00adra\u00adli\u00adsa\u00e7\u00e3o durou poucos dias e houve uma vi\u00ado\u00adlenta re\u00adpress\u00e3o aos gre\u00advistas, o Sin\u00addi\u00adcato so\u00adfreu in\u00adter\u00adven\u00e7\u00e3o e sua di\u00adre\u00e7\u00e3o foi des\u00adti\u00adtu\u00edda. Ocorria, ent\u00e3o, mais uma vi\u00ado\u00adlenta der\u00adrota do mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio, que levou anos para se re\u00adcu\u00adperar. O 1968 bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro se en\u00adcerrou com a dura re\u00adpress\u00e3o \u00e0 a\u00e7\u00e3o ope\u00adr\u00e1rio-es\u00adtu\u00addantil por parte da di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar.<\/p>\n

Mas a luta pela cri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de co\u00admis\u00ads\u00f5es de f\u00e1\u00adbrica, contra o des\u00adpo\u00adtismo fa\u00adbril, a su\u00adpe\u00adrex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho e a es\u00adtru\u00adtura sin\u00addical atre\u00adlada ao Es\u00adtado, e em claro con\u00adfronto com a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar, deixou ra\u00edzes s\u00f3\u00adlidas, que res\u00adsur\u00adgiram de outro modo e sob outra forma dez anos de\u00adpois, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente na luta das opo\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es sin\u00addi\u00adcais.<\/p>\n

O des\u00adfecho<\/strong><\/p>\n

Em 13 de de\u00adzembro de 1968, a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar acen\u00adtuou seu lado mais re\u00adpres\u00adsivo: de\u00adcretou o Ato Ins\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adci\u00adonal N\u00fa\u00admero 5 (AI-5), co\u00adnhe\u00adcido como \u201co golpe dentro do golpe\u201d. O ter\u00adro\u00adrismo de Es\u00adtado, que pre\u00adva\u00adle\u00adceria at\u00e9 me\u00adados dos anos 1970, foi ofi\u00adci\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado. O Con\u00adgresso Na\u00adci\u00adonal e as As\u00adsem\u00adbleias Le\u00adgis\u00adla\u00adtivas es\u00adta\u00adduais foram postos em re\u00adcesso e o Go\u00adverno passou a ter plenos po\u00adderes para sus\u00adpender di\u00adreitos po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos dos ci\u00adda\u00add\u00e3os, le\u00adgislar por de\u00adcreto, julgar crimes po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos em tri\u00adbu\u00adnais mi\u00adli\u00adtares, cassar man\u00addatos ele\u00adtivos, de\u00admitir ou apo\u00adsentar ju\u00edzes e ou\u00adtros fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios p\u00fa\u00adblicos etc.<\/p>\n

Si\u00admul\u00adta\u00adne\u00ada\u00admente, ge\u00adne\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzavam-se as pri\u00ads\u00f5es de opo\u00adsi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas e o uso da tor\u00adtura e do as\u00adsas\u00adsi\u00adnato em nome da ma\u00adnu\u00adten\u00e7\u00e3o da \u201cse\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a na\u00adci\u00adonal\u201d, con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrada in\u00addis\u00adpen\u00ads\u00e1vel para o \u201cde\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento\u201d da eco\u00adnomia e do que mais tarde se de\u00adno\u00admi\u00adnaria \u201co mi\u00adlagre bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro\u201d.<\/p>\n

In\u00fa\u00admeros es\u00adtu\u00addantes, ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios, in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtuais, po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos e ou\u00adtros opo\u00adsi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas dos mais di\u00adversos ma\u00adtizes foram presos, cas\u00adsados, tor\u00adtu\u00adrados, mortos ou exi\u00adlados ap\u00f3s a edi\u00e7\u00e3o do AI-5. Foi im\u00adposta uma r\u00ed\u00adgida cen\u00adsura aos meios de co\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00e0s ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ar\u00adt\u00eds\u00adticas. O re\u00adgime mi\u00adlitar punha fim assim \u00e0 luta po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica e cul\u00adtural da\u00adquele pe\u00adr\u00edodo, re\u00adpri\u00admindo du\u00adra\u00admente qual\u00adquer forma de opo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o. Os \u201canos de chumbo\u201d vi\u00adriam a su\u00adceder ao \u201cano re\u00adbelde\u201d de 1968.<\/p>\n

Como con\u00adclus\u00e3o, di\u00adr\u00edamos que os dois prin\u00adci\u00adpais mo\u00advi\u00admentos que ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adrizam 1968 no Brasil ti\u00adveram muitas si\u00admi\u00adli\u00adtudes: ambos es\u00adtavam \u00e0 es\u00adquerda dos mo\u00advi\u00admentos mais tra\u00addi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e pro\u00adpu\u00adnham uma al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtiva ao PCB e \u00e0 sua po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica de mo\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o, que do\u00adminou os mo\u00advi\u00admentos ope\u00adr\u00e1rio e es\u00adtu\u00addantil pr\u00e9-1964. Mas as lutas es\u00adtu\u00addantis e ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrias de 1968 no Brasil n\u00e3o con\u00adse\u00adguiram vi\u00ada\u00adbi\u00adlizar uma al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtiva de massa, e exauriu-se em seu van\u00adguar\u00addismo.<\/p>\n

O mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil, der\u00adro\u00adtado, en\u00adgrossou com suas li\u00adde\u00adran\u00e7as e mi\u00adli\u00adtantes as fi\u00adleiras da luta ar\u00admada contra a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar. O mo\u00advi\u00admento ope\u00adr\u00e1rio, de\u00adpois das der\u00adrotas de Con\u00adtagem e Osasco, re\u00adfluiu for\u00adte\u00admente e v\u00e1\u00adrios de seus qua\u00addros mais \u00e0 es\u00adquerda tamb\u00e9m se in\u00adcor\u00adpo\u00adraram \u00e0 luta ar\u00admada. Ambos des\u00adnu\u00addaram o sen\u00adtido pro\u00adfun\u00adda\u00admente di\u00adta\u00adto\u00adrial e ter\u00adro\u00adrista do Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro e foram, por isso, vi\u00ado\u00adlen\u00adta\u00admente re\u00adpri\u00admidos.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o foi por acaso, ent\u00e3o, que tanto em Osasco como em Con\u00adtagem pu\u00addemos pre\u00adsen\u00adciar uma a\u00e7\u00e3o ope\u00adr\u00e1ria com sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtiva pre\u00adsen\u00e7a es\u00adtu\u00addantil, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente de es\u00adtu\u00addantes que mi\u00adli\u00adtavam por or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de es\u00adquerda e in\u00adgres\u00adsaram nas fi\u00adleiras da van\u00adguarda ope\u00adr\u00e1ria para me\u00adlhor in\u00adflu\u00aden\u00adciar as a\u00e7\u00f5es dos tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores.<\/p>\n

Talvez esse seja um tra\u00e7o mar\u00adcante do ano de 1968 no Brasil, muito di\u00adfe\u00adrente da\u00adquele que se viu tanto no mo\u00advi\u00admento que eclodiu dez anos de\u00adpois, com as greves me\u00adta\u00adl\u00far\u00adgicas do ABC pau\u00adlista, quanto no mo\u00advi\u00admento es\u00adtu\u00addantil que voltou a tomar as ruas de v\u00e1\u00adrias ci\u00addades bra\u00adsi\u00adleiras na se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade dos anos 1970, mais uma vez contra a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar. Mas essa j\u00e1 \u00e9 outra his\u00adt\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/13301-1968-no-brasil<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ricardo Antunes e Marcelo Ridenti –\u00a0O con\u00adtexto da crise. Pre\u00adsen\u00adci\u00adamos em 1968 a era das m\u00fal\u00adti\u00adplas ex\u00adplo\u00ads\u00f5es e re\u00advoltas no mundo todo: dos ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrios, dos es\u00adtu\u00addantes, das mu\u00adlheres, dos ne\u00adgros, dos mo\u00advi\u00admentos am\u00adbi\u00aden\u00adta\u00adlistas e dos ho\u00admos\u00adse\u00adxuais, entre tantas ou\u00adtras formas de le\u00advante e de des\u00adcon\u00adten\u00adta\u00admento so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico. No que se re\u00adfere ao Brasil, apesar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1196,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2],"tags":[50],"class_list":["post-8374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politica","tag-esquerda"],"yoast_head":"\n1968 no Brasil - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2018\/06\/12\/1968-no-brasil\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1968 no Brasil - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ricardo Antunes e Marcelo Ridenti –\u00a0O con\u00adtexto da crise. 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