{"id":7469,"date":"2018-03-13T09:55:58","date_gmt":"2018-03-13T12:55:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=7469"},"modified":"2018-09-03T15:23:33","modified_gmt":"2018-09-03T18:23:33","slug":"notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2018\/03\/13\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-8\/","title":{"rendered":"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (8)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wladimir Pomar<\/strong> –\u00a0Vol\u00adtando \u00e0s notas sobre ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo e so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo, um dos grandes pro\u00adblemas das es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgias de luta das cor\u00adrentes e par\u00adtidos de vi\u00e9s po\u00adpular, so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlista e\/ou co\u00admu\u00adnista no Brasil tem con\u00adsis\u00adtido no fato de que, para parte deles, o so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo apa\u00adrece como uma mi\u00adragem, ao inv\u00e9s de uma pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade con\u00adcreta para su\u00adperar as con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo na\u00adci\u00adonal atra\u00adsado, su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzado.<\/p>\n

Em geral, o en\u00adfren\u00adta\u00admento desse ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo es\u00adpe\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfico sofre o pre\u00adju\u00edzo de se prender a uma an\u00e1\u00adlise su\u00adper\u00adfi\u00adcial. Leva em conta apenas as trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es fi\u00adnan\u00adceiras, tec\u00adno\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgicas, pa\u00adtri\u00admo\u00adniais e es\u00adpa\u00adciais que ocorrem no pro\u00adcesso de ex\u00adpans\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista mun\u00addial, sem apro\u00adfundar as con\u00adsequ\u00ean\u00adcias da in\u00adser\u00e7\u00e3o das re\u00adgi\u00f5es pe\u00adri\u00adf\u00e9\u00adricas nesse ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo. Em vista disso, s\u00e3o in\u00adca\u00adpazes de ana\u00adlisar as con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es dos so\u00adlu\u00e7os his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos de de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo no Brasil e de sua con\u00adfi\u00adgu\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adpe\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfica.<\/p>\n

Os anos 1910 as\u00adsis\u00adtiram ao in\u00edcio do im\u00adpulso \u00e0 in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, mas a maior parte dos ana\u00adlistas his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos cre\u00addita tal in\u00edcio aos anos 1930. N\u00e3o leva em conta que a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o dos anos 1930, da mesma forma que a dos anos 1910, foi acima de tudo uma res\u00adposta \u00e0s de\u00admandas de bens n\u00e3o du\u00adr\u00e1\u00adveis (t\u00eax\u00adteis etc.) e de al\u00adguns in\u00adsumos pro\u00adces\u00adsados (\u00f3leos etc.), que as classes do\u00admi\u00adnantes im\u00adpor\u00adtavam dos pa\u00edses ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas e foram pa\u00adra\u00adli\u00adsadas pelas crises e guerras mun\u00addiais de ent\u00e3o. N\u00e3o por acaso tais in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o cu\u00adnhadas como subs\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o das im\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Por outro lado, em ambos os casos a so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade bra\u00adsi\u00adleira pagou um pre\u00e7o ele\u00advado para salvar da ru\u00edna os la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios do caf\u00e9, atrav\u00e9s da pri\u00adva\u00adti\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o dos lu\u00adcros e da so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o dos pre\u00adju\u00edzos cau\u00adsados pela queda abrupta das ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es. Par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar\u00admente no caso da compra dos es\u00adto\u00adques de caf\u00e9 e da de\u00adcre\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o da mo\u00adra\u00adt\u00f3ria das d\u00ed\u00advidas dos la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios du\u00adrante o go\u00adverno\u00a0li\u00adberal<\/em>\u00a0de Vargas, a mai\u00adoria dos ana\u00adlistas se\u00adquer cri\u00adtica o fato de que tal go\u00adverno ja\u00admais co\u00adgitou fazer uma re\u00adforma agr\u00e1ria e mo\u00adder\u00adnizar a eco\u00adnomia agr\u00ed\u00adcola como base para o im\u00adpulso da in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 ver\u00addade que a cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o, nos anos 1940, da CSN e da F\u00e1\u00adbrica Na\u00adci\u00adonal de Mo\u00adtores como em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais, re\u00adpre\u00adsentou uma ini\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtiva pro\u00adgres\u00adsista e na\u00adci\u00adonal para su\u00adperar a de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia do pa\u00eds \u00e0s flu\u00adtu\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es da de\u00admanda ex\u00adterna de pro\u00addutos agr\u00ed\u00adcolas e mi\u00adne\u00adrais e \u00e0s crises mun\u00addiais. O mesmo pode ser dito dos planos var\u00adguistas dos anos 1950 para su\u00adperar as de\u00adfi\u00adci\u00ad\u00ean\u00adcias cr\u00f4\u00adnicas na in\u00adfra\u00ades\u00adtru\u00adtura ener\u00adg\u00e9\u00adtica, de trans\u00adportes, de co\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es e de fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00admento in\u00addus\u00adtrial.<\/p>\n

Nesse se\u00adgundo e curto pe\u00adr\u00edodo var\u00adguista foram cri\u00adados o Banco Na\u00adci\u00adonal de De\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento Econ\u00f4\u00admico (BNDE), a Pe\u00adtro\u00adbras e ou\u00adtros ins\u00adtru\u00admentos econ\u00f4\u00admicos es\u00adta\u00adtais. Co\u00adme\u00ad\u00e7aram a ser pro\u00addu\u00adzidos equi\u00adpa\u00admentos, com\u00adpo\u00adnentes e in\u00adsumos pe\u00adsados, assim como bens du\u00adr\u00e1\u00adveis. Por\u00e9m, di\u00adante de uma classe la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria e de uma bur\u00adguesia atre\u00adladas aos in\u00adte\u00adresses do ca\u00adpital es\u00adtran\u00adgeiro, o ca\u00adr\u00e1ter na\u00adci\u00adonal e es\u00adtatal desses planos cus\u00adtaram caro a Vargas, em\u00adbora ele se\u00adquer tenha co\u00adgi\u00adtado a re\u00adforma agr\u00e1ria e res\u00adtri\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ao ca\u00adpital ex\u00adterno.<\/p>\n

Algo di\u00adfe\u00adrente ocorreu com Jus\u00adce\u00adlino Ku\u00adbits\u00adchek, ainda nos anos 1950. Seu Plano de Metas es\u00adcapou da sina var\u00adguista, apesar de haver am\u00adpliado a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o atrav\u00e9s da a\u00e7\u00e3o ativa de ins\u00adtru\u00admentos es\u00adta\u00adtais (grupos exe\u00adcu\u00adtivos). O se\u00adgredo cer\u00adta\u00admente re\u00adsidiu no fato de que tais ins\u00adtru\u00admentos es\u00adti\u00adveram vol\u00adtados para a atra\u00e7\u00e3o mas\u00adsiva de in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos es\u00adtran\u00adgeiros na pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o au\u00adto\u00admo\u00adbi\u00adl\u00eds\u00adtica, naval e me\u00adc\u00e2\u00adnica, se\u00adgundo as re\u00adco\u00admen\u00adda\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es da Co\u00admiss\u00e3o Mista Brasil-Es\u00adtados Unidos.<\/p>\n

Tais in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos n\u00e3o obe\u00adde\u00adceram a qual\u00adquer tipo de re\u00adgu\u00adla\u00admen\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o. N\u00e3o foram obri\u00adgados a as\u00adso\u00adciar-se a em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais, a trans\u00adferir novas tec\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgias para a in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria na\u00adci\u00adonal, nem im\u00adpe\u00addidos de cons\u00adti\u00adtuir mo\u00adno\u00adp\u00f3\u00adlios e oli\u00adgo\u00adp\u00f3\u00adlios en\u00adcra\u00advados no ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3rio bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro. Por outro lado, as em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais res\u00adpon\u00ads\u00e1\u00adveis pela cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adfra\u00ades\u00adtru\u00adtural foram obri\u00adgadas a pri\u00ado\u00adrizar os in\u00adte\u00adresses dos oli\u00adgo\u00adp\u00f3\u00adlios es\u00adtran\u00adgeiros, em es\u00adpe\u00adcial o au\u00adto\u00admo\u00adbi\u00adl\u00eds\u00adtico. E a re\u00adforma agr\u00e1ria e a mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o da agri\u00adcul\u00adtura con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00adaram fora dos planos go\u00adver\u00adna\u00admen\u00adtais.<\/p>\n

Na pr\u00e1\u00adtica, linha id\u00ean\u00adtica foi se\u00adguida pelo re\u00adgime mi\u00adlitar para re\u00ada\u00adlizar seu mi\u00adlagre econ\u00f4\u00admico. Assim, desde a se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade dos anos 1950 foi apro\u00adfun\u00addada a su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o e a de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica das classes do\u00admi\u00adnantes bra\u00adsi\u00adleiras ao ca\u00adpital es\u00adtran\u00adgeiro. Os prin\u00adci\u00adpais se\u00adtores in\u00addus\u00adtriais con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00adaram des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzados. E a mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o con\u00adser\u00adva\u00addora dos la\u00adti\u00adf\u00fan\u00addios es\u00adteve vol\u00adtada fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal\u00admente para li\u00adberar a for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho ba\u00adrata para a in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria e elevar o for\u00adne\u00adci\u00admento de com\u00admo\u00addi\u00adties agr\u00ed\u00adcolas ao mer\u00adcado in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal.<\/p>\n

Apesar da im\u00adpor\u00adt\u00e2ncia his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica dos de\u00adta\u00adlhes acima, grande parte dos ana\u00adlistas apenas con\u00adsi\u00addera que nos anos 1960 e 1970 a ar\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o do go\u00adverno cen\u00adtral e do setor pri\u00advado na\u00adci\u00adonal com o ca\u00adpital pro\u00addu\u00adtivo in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal em ex\u00adpans\u00e3o per\u00admitiu ao Brasil ter um cres\u00adci\u00admento de 7% ao ano e se tornar a eco\u00adnomia mais in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada do ter\u00adceiro mundo. Assim, al\u00e9m de des\u00adcon\u00adsi\u00adderar o ca\u00adr\u00e1ter su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzante da\u00adquele cres\u00adci\u00admento mi\u00adla\u00adgroso, tais ana\u00adlistas n\u00e3o levam em conta que, sob tal press\u00e3o ex\u00adterna, o go\u00adverno di\u00adta\u00adto\u00adrial apro\u00adfundou as dis\u00adtor\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es na in\u00adfra\u00ades\u00adtru\u00adtura, a exemplo da li\u00adqui\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o do sis\u00adtema fer\u00adro\u00advi\u00e1rio e das es\u00adta\u00adtais de na\u00adve\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o ma\u00adr\u00ed\u00adtima.<\/p>\n

Para com\u00adpletar, algo que con\u00adtinua me\u00adre\u00adcendo o si\u00adl\u00eancio da mai\u00adoria dos ana\u00adlistas, ao inv\u00e9s de re\u00ada\u00adlizar a re\u00adforma agr\u00e1ria e uma dis\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00e7\u00e3o mais equi\u00adta\u00adtiva da pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addade fun\u00addi\u00e1ria, o fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00admento da mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria pela di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar n\u00e3o s\u00f3 des\u00adlocou mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores dos campos para as ci\u00addades, mas tamb\u00e9m im\u00adplantou um ver\u00adda\u00addeiro caos ur\u00adbano e trans\u00adformou grande parte da for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho des\u00adlo\u00adcada em classe ex\u00adclu\u00edda de edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o e de em\u00adprego. Por\u00adtanto, os pro\u00adjetos jus\u00adce\u00adli\u00adnista e di\u00adta\u00adto\u00adrial mi\u00adlitar, ao inv\u00e9s de in\u00adte\u00adgrarem a eco\u00adnomia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira de forma in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addente no vi\u00adgo\u00adroso mo\u00advi\u00admento de glo\u00adba\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do ca\u00adpital avan\u00ad\u00e7ado, a in\u00adte\u00adgraram de forma su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnada, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzada, man\u00adtendo seu pa\u00adtamar de atraso ci\u00aden\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfico e tec\u00adno\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgico.<\/p>\n

Di\u00adzendo de outro modo, desde a pri\u00admi\u00adtiva in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o de subs\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o das im\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es, at\u00e9 a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o avan\u00ad\u00e7ada dos anos 1970, o Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro fun\u00adci\u00adonou como vas\u00adsalo de formas su\u00adpe\u00adri\u00adores de or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, co\u00adlo\u00adcando o sis\u00adtema fi\u00adnan\u00adceiro p\u00fa\u00adblico e o sis\u00adtema em\u00adpre\u00adsa\u00adrial es\u00adtatal como fa\u00adci\u00adli\u00adta\u00addores da pe\u00adne\u00adtra\u00e7\u00e3o livre, des\u00adcom\u00adpro\u00admis\u00adsada e ra\u00adpi\u00adnante do ca\u00adpital es\u00adtran\u00adgeiro. Entre 1930 e 1980 o Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro or\u00adga\u00adnizou formas su\u00adpe\u00adri\u00adores de or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, com um forte setor de fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00admento e um sis\u00adtema de co\u00ador\u00adde\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o de em\u00adpresas p\u00fa\u00adblicas com em\u00adpresas pri\u00advadas na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras.<\/p>\n

Nessa co\u00ador\u00adde\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o o setor es\u00adtatal fun\u00adci\u00adonou como ga\u00adran\u00adtidor do su\u00adcesso em\u00adpre\u00adsa\u00adrial pri\u00advado, par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar\u00admente das cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras. O exemplo mais em\u00adble\u00adm\u00e1\u00adtico desse po\u00adsi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00admento das classes que do\u00adminam o Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro talvez seja, como j\u00e1 fri\u00adsamos, o in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento p\u00fa\u00adblico na cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o de ro\u00addo\u00advias, em de\u00adtri\u00admento das fer\u00adro\u00advias, cor\u00adrendo na frente da de\u00admanda cor\u00adrente de ve\u00ed\u00adculos ro\u00addo\u00advi\u00e1\u00adrios.<\/p>\n

Tudo isso foi in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcado quando o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo das grandes po\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcias in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou suas re\u00adformas es\u00adtru\u00adtu\u00adrais e suas ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de ca\u00adpi\u00adtais, a partir dos anos 1970. Por um lado exi\u00adgindo aber\u00adtura co\u00admer\u00adcial com\u00adpleta, fim das re\u00adgu\u00adla\u00admen\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para li\u00adberar o mo\u00advi\u00admento de ca\u00adpi\u00adtais fi\u00adnan\u00adceiros e pri\u00adva\u00adti\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o das em\u00adpresas p\u00fa\u00adblicas, se\u00adgundo as normas do Con\u00adsenso de Washington. Por outro, con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00adto\u00adri\u00ada\u00admente, acei\u00adtando in\u00advestir em pa\u00edses que ti\u00advessem pelo menos m\u00e3o de obra mais ba\u00adrata em termos in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, como foi o caso da China, Vi\u00adetn\u00e3, \u00cdndia e di\u00adversos ou\u00adtros na \u00c1sia e \u00c1frica.<\/p>\n

Ao con\u00adtr\u00e1rio do Brasil, eles ado\u00adtaram po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas ma\u00adcro\u00ade\u00adcon\u00f4\u00admicas de juros, c\u00e2mbio e tri\u00adbutos que es\u00adti\u00admu\u00adlaram os in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos ex\u00adternos pro\u00addu\u00adtivos. Ao mesmo tempo, pro\u00adte\u00adgeram tanto sua in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria tec\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgi\u00adca\u00admente com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adtiva quanto as micro, pe\u00adquenas e m\u00e9\u00addias em\u00adpresas atrav\u00e9s da re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o ou anu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o do peso dos im\u00adpostos in\u00addi\u00adretos (con\u00adsumo e folha sa\u00adla\u00adrial), e da ele\u00adva\u00e7\u00e3o do peso dos im\u00adpostos di\u00adretos (renda e pa\u00adtrim\u00f4nio). E en\u00adcar\u00adre\u00adgaram as em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais de um papel ori\u00aden\u00adtador e ala\u00advan\u00adcador dos in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos na in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria, em in\u00adfra\u00ades\u00adtru\u00adtura e em ino\u00adva\u00e7\u00e3o ci\u00aden\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfica e tec\u00adno\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgica.<\/p>\n

Com em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais fortes para re\u00ada\u00adlizar acordos com em\u00adpresas na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras em pro\u00adjetos para atender as ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addades fi\u00adnan\u00adceiras, tec\u00adno\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgicas e ci\u00aden\u00adt\u00ed\u00adficas dos se\u00adtores in\u00addus\u00adtriais es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgicos e as de\u00admandas do mer\u00adcado in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal, aden\u00adsaram as ca\u00addeias pro\u00addu\u00adtivas, re\u00addi\u00adre\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnaram in\u00adcen\u00adtivos aos in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos que ele\u00advassem o pa\u00addr\u00e3o ci\u00aden\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfico e tec\u00adno\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgico e\/ou a ca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade de em\u00adprego, agre\u00adgaram mais valor e ga\u00adnhos de pro\u00addu\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade, ele\u00advaram a com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade ex\u00adterna, re\u00advi\u00adgo\u00adraram e mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adzaram o parque pro\u00addu\u00adtivo, e ex\u00adpan\u00addiram o mer\u00adcado in\u00adterno com dis\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00e7\u00e3o de renda e va\u00adlo\u00adri\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho.<\/p>\n

Os in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos ex\u00adternos di\u00adretos foram re\u00adgu\u00adla\u00admen\u00adtados de modo a coibir apli\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de curto prazo, que po\u00addiam de\u00adsor\u00adga\u00adnizar as fi\u00adnan\u00e7as na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adlizar em\u00adpresas. Eles de\u00adviam pro\u00admover a ins\u00adta\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de novas plantas pro\u00addu\u00adtivas, a trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia de novas e altas tec\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgias, e o au\u00admento da mus\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtura t\u00e9c\u00adnica e ci\u00aden\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfica das em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00adtais e pri\u00advadas na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais. Ao mesmo tempo, como es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9gia contra a in\u00adfla\u00e7\u00e3o e de am\u00adpli\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o do em\u00adprego e pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de ali\u00admentos e ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adtu\u00adrados n\u00e3o-du\u00adr\u00e1\u00adveis para o mer\u00adcado in\u00adterno foram cri\u00adados me\u00adca\u00adnismos de apoio aos sis\u00adtemas in\u00addus\u00adtriais, agr\u00ed\u00adcolas, co\u00admer\u00adciais e de ser\u00advi\u00e7os das micro, pe\u00adquenas e m\u00e9\u00addias em\u00adpresas de baixas tec\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgias, mas alta den\u00adsi\u00addade de em\u00adprego,<\/p>\n

Para evitar os pro\u00adblemas re\u00adla\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnados com a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o rural e o au\u00admento da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o ur\u00adbana, a reur\u00adba\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o correu na frente da de\u00admanda por mo\u00adra\u00addias, trans\u00adportes, sa\u00adne\u00ada\u00admento e ou\u00adtros ser\u00advi\u00e7os. In\u00adves\u00adtiram na pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de equi\u00adpa\u00admentos, m\u00e1\u00adquinas e ma\u00adte\u00adriais para a re\u00adcons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o ur\u00adbana e tra\u00adba\u00adlharam de forma pro\u00adgres\u00adsiva para prover ser\u00advi\u00e7os p\u00fa\u00adblicos uni\u00adver\u00adsais para su\u00adperar os grandes d\u00e9\u00adfi\u00adcits so\u00adciais acu\u00admu\u00adlados. A reur\u00adba\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o se\u00adguiu uma l\u00f3\u00adgica de de\u00admo\u00adcra\u00adti\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do solo e de cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o de es\u00adpa\u00e7os abertos \u00e0 uti\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o e ao con\u00adv\u00edvio p\u00fa\u00adblico.<\/p>\n

O Brasil, no en\u00adtanto, ao se\u00adguir a ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o de sua classe do\u00admi\u00adnante atre\u00adlada e su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnada ao ca\u00adpital in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal, criou as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para que o mi\u00adlagre econ\u00f4\u00admico di\u00adta\u00adto\u00adrial mi\u00adlitar afun\u00addasse, no final dos anos 1970 e in\u00edcio dos anos 1980, na crise da d\u00ed\u00advida ex\u00adterna, re\u00adsul\u00adtando em quase duas d\u00e9\u00adcadas de re\u00adcess\u00e3o e de\u00adpress\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

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Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0Vol\u00adtando \u00e0s notas sobre ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo e so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo, um dos grandes pro\u00adblemas das es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgias de luta das cor\u00adrentes e par\u00adtidos de vi\u00e9s po\u00adpular, so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlista e\/ou co\u00admu\u00adnista no Brasil tem con\u00adsis\u00adtido no fato de que, para parte deles, o so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo apa\u00adrece como uma mi\u00adragem, ao inv\u00e9s de uma pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade con\u00adcreta para su\u00adperar as con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[57,74],"class_list":["post-7469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teoria","tag-capitalismo","tag-socialismo"],"yoast_head":"\nNotas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (8) - 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