{"id":6696,"date":"2018-01-05T21:15:03","date_gmt":"2018-01-05T23:15:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=6696"},"modified":"2018-01-05T21:02:09","modified_gmt":"2018-01-05T23:02:09","slug":"quem-sonega-sonega-o-que","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2018\/01\/05\/quem-sonega-sonega-o-que\/","title":{"rendered":"Quem sonega, sonega o qu\u00ea?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Otaviano Helene<\/strong> – Os gastos p\u00fa\u00adblicos no Brasil (in\u00adcluindo gastos fe\u00adde\u00adrais, es\u00adta\u00adduais e mu\u00adni\u00adci\u00adpais, co\u00adbertos por ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00adpostos, con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais, taxas etc.) cor\u00adres\u00adpondem, grosso modo, e em uma m\u00e9dia v\u00e1\u00adlida para os \u00fal\u00adtimos anos, a cerca de 33% (1) do pro\u00adduto in\u00adterno bruto do pa\u00eds (PIB). Essa ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o, di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adte\u00admente do que se re\u00adpete in\u00adsis\u00adten\u00adte\u00admente nos meios de co\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o li\u00adgados aos in\u00adte\u00adresses dos grupos do\u00admi\u00adnantes, n\u00e3o \u00e9 grande e \u00e9 in\u00adsu\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente. S\u00e3o ra\u00adr\u00eds\u00adsimos os casos de pa\u00edses cujas ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fa\u00adblicas est\u00e3o pr\u00f3\u00adximas da bra\u00adsi\u00adleira \u2013 em re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o ao PIB \u2013 que apre\u00adsentam um pa\u00addr\u00e3o mi\u00adni\u00adma\u00admente ra\u00adzo\u00e1vel de ci\u00advi\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o (2).<\/p>\n

Ve\u00adjamos para onde v\u00e3o aqueles 33% do PIB. Das des\u00adpesas to\u00adtais da Uni\u00e3o, dos es\u00adtados e dos mu\u00adni\u00adc\u00ed\u00adpios, um valor cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addente a cerca de 12% do PIB \u00e9 des\u00adti\u00adnado \u00e0 pre\u00advi\u00add\u00eancia dos se\u00adtores p\u00fa\u00adblico e pri\u00advado. As\u00adsis\u00adt\u00eancia so\u00adcial em geral (a idosos e de\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adentes, bolsa-fa\u00adm\u00edlia, am\u00adparo ao tra\u00adba\u00adlhador e ou\u00adtros) per\u00adfazem perto de 2% do PIB. Esses gastos so\u00adciais co\u00adlocam o Brasil em uma po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o bem dis\u00adtante da\u00adquela ocu\u00adpada pelos pa\u00edses mais or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzados (3).<\/p>\n

Em n\u00fa\u00admeros re\u00addondos, cerca de 5% do PIB \u00e9 des\u00adti\u00adnado \u00e0 edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fa\u00adblica e um pouco menos do que 4% \u00e0 sa\u00fade p\u00fa\u00adblica (4). Esses per\u00adcen\u00adtuais s\u00e3o ab\u00adso\u00adlu\u00adta\u00admente in\u00adsu\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adentes para res\u00adponder \u00e0s ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addades do pa\u00eds, co\u00adlo\u00adcando-o tamb\u00e9m em uma po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o de grande atraso em re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o aos pa\u00edses or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzados.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m dessas des\u00adpesas de se\u00adgu\u00adri\u00addade so\u00adcial, edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o e sa\u00fade, que to\u00adta\u00adlizam cerca de 23% do PIB na\u00adci\u00adonal, h\u00e1 v\u00e1\u00adrias ou\u00adtras. Des\u00adpesas com se\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a, trans\u00adporte, ur\u00adba\u00adnismo, d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica, jus\u00adti\u00e7a, de\u00adfesa, de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento so\u00adcial, ci\u00ad\u00eancia e tec\u00adno\u00adlogia, cul\u00adtura, meio am\u00adbi\u00adente, es\u00adportes, po\u00adderes le\u00adgis\u00adla\u00adtivos, lazer, agri\u00adcul\u00adtura, ha\u00adbi\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e3o, cada uma delas, entre cerca de 0,5% e cerca de 2% do PIB, so\u00admando perto de 10% do PIB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

Por\u00adcen\u00adtagem do PIB<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Por\u00adcen\u00adtagem dos gastos p\u00fa\u00adblicos**<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Pre\u00advi\u00add\u00eancia<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

36%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Sa\u00fade<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

As\u00adsis\u00adt\u00eancia so\u00adcial<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

2%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

6%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

De\u00admais des\u00adpesas*<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

30%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

*\u00a0<\/sup>Se\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a, trans\u00adporte, ur\u00adba\u00adnismo, d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica, jus\u00adti\u00e7a, de\u00adfesa, de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento so\u00adcial, ci\u00ad\u00eancia e tec\u00adno\u00adlogia, cul\u00adtura, meio am\u00adbi\u00adente, es\u00adportes, po\u00adderes le\u00adgis\u00adla\u00adtivos, lazer, agri\u00adcul\u00adtura, ha\u00adbi\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, entre ou\u00adtras.\u00a0**<\/sup>\u00a0O total n\u00e3o soma 100% por causa de ar\u00adre\u00addon\u00adda\u00admentos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Os n\u00fa\u00admeros acima e as com\u00adpa\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais mos\u00adtram que o Brasil ca\u00adrece de re\u00adcursos p\u00fa\u00adblicos para atender \u00e0 sua po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de forma ade\u00adquada. Essa afir\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o vai na con\u00adtram\u00e3o do que se re\u00adpete in\u00adsis\u00adten\u00adte\u00admente: que o setor p\u00fa\u00adblico no Brasil ar\u00adre\u00adcada e gasta muito. Ora, se essa afir\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o fosse cor\u00adreta, n\u00e3o pre\u00adci\u00adsaria ser re\u00adpe\u00adtida \u00e0 exaust\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Muitas s\u00e3o as causas da baixa ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fa\u00adblica bra\u00adsi\u00adleira. Uma delas \u00e9 a baixa al\u00ed\u00adquota m\u00e1\u00adxima de im\u00adposto que in\u00adcide sobre as altas rendas (de 27,5%, quando, nos EUA, por exemplo, in\u00adcluindo o IR na\u00adci\u00adonal, os IRs es\u00adta\u00adduais e mu\u00adni\u00adci\u00adpais, coisas que aqui ine\u00adxistem, a al\u00ed\u00adquota m\u00e1\u00adxima total su\u00adpera 50% da renda (5)). Im\u00adpostos sobre o pa\u00adtrim\u00f4nio (grandes for\u00adtunas, trans\u00admiss\u00e3o de bens e he\u00adran\u00e7as) tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o bai\u00adx\u00eds\u00adsimos no Brasil quando com\u00adpa\u00adrados com a re\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade dos de\u00admais pa\u00edses (6).<\/p>\n

Mas, al\u00e9m dos pro\u00adblemas com as baixas al\u00ed\u00adquotas de im\u00adpostos no Brasil e na forma in\u00adjusta como eles se dis\u00adtri\u00adbuem entre di\u00adretos e in\u00addi\u00adretos, h\u00e1 uma forte \u201ccul\u00adtura\u201d na\u00adci\u00adonal contra im\u00adpostos. Essa \u201ccul\u00adtura\u201d, fruto de in\u00adsis\u00adtente pro\u00adpa\u00adganda, \u00e9 t\u00e3o mar\u00adcan\u00adte\u00admente forte que acaba por ser in\u00adcor\u00adpo\u00adrada at\u00e9 por aqueles que s\u00f3 t\u00eam a perder (e muito) com a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o dos im\u00adpostos e con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais, ou seja, a enorme mai\u00adoria da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o \u00e9 raro ouvir apo\u00adsen\u00adtados, pen\u00adsi\u00ado\u00adnistas, tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores do setor p\u00fa\u00adblico, usu\u00e1\u00adrios do SUS e das es\u00adcolas p\u00fa\u00adblicas, entre tantos ou\u00adtros, re\u00adpe\u00adtirem e apoi\u00adarem dis\u00adcursos contra im\u00adpostos, sem per\u00adceber que qual\u00adquer di\u00admi\u00adnui\u00e7\u00e3o da ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o, seja por re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00adpostos e con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais, seja pelo au\u00admento de so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o, por \u201cin\u00adcen\u00adtivos fis\u00adcais\u201d ou por re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o das al\u00ed\u00adquotas, o efeito ime\u00addiato \u00e9 uma re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de sua renda e uma piora dos ser\u00advi\u00e7os dos quais de\u00adpende em uma pro\u00adpor\u00e7\u00e3o muito maior do que a even\u00adtual re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o dos custos dos pro\u00addutos e dos ser\u00advi\u00e7os (edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o e sa\u00fade, por exemplo) que pas\u00adsar\u00e1 a ter que com\u00adprar.<\/p>\n

Esse tipo de cul\u00adtura contra im\u00adpostos, con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais e Es\u00adtado or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzado re\u00adfor\u00e7a uma ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica na\u00adci\u00adonal muito ne\u00adga\u00adtiva: a to\u00adle\u00adr\u00e2ncia para com a so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o. Com\u00adbinar a exe\u00adcu\u00e7\u00e3o de um ser\u00advi\u00e7o sem re\u00adcibo, com\u00adprar ou vender um pro\u00adduto sem nota fiscal, passar es\u00adcri\u00adtura por valor di\u00adfe\u00adrente do que foi re\u00adal\u00admente pago na compra de im\u00f3\u00adveis, aceitar re\u00adceber \u201cpor fora\u201d, in\u00adventar gastos na de\u00adcla\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00adposto de renda … S\u00e3o al\u00adgumas das pr\u00e1\u00adticas muito co\u00admuns usadas no Brasil (7). Muitas vezes, o ar\u00adgu\u00admento usado para jus\u00adti\u00adficar essa pr\u00e1\u00adtica \u00e9 que parte dos im\u00adpostos ou con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais seria des\u00adviada ou rou\u00adbada. Ora, con\u00adsi\u00adderar que se apro\u00adpriar do todo \u00e9 uma jus\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtiva mo\u00adral\u00admente acei\u00adt\u00e1vel para evitar que al\u00adgu\u00e9m roube uma parte n\u00e3o pa\u00adrece nada ho\u00adnesto.<\/p>\n

O ar\u00adgu\u00admento do so\u00adne\u00adgador ou dos que dis\u00adcursam contra im\u00adpostos di\u00adzendo que s\u00f3 os pa\u00adgar\u00e1 quando os go\u00advernos ofe\u00adre\u00adcerem ser\u00advi\u00e7os de qua\u00adli\u00addade \u00e9 ab\u00adsurdo: com os re\u00adcursos dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00ed\u00adveis, ainda que n\u00e3o hou\u00advesse caixa-dois, cor\u00adrup\u00e7\u00e3o, su\u00adper\u00adfa\u00adtu\u00adra\u00admento etc. \u00c9 im\u00adpos\u00ads\u00edvel ofe\u00adrecer ser\u00advi\u00e7os me\u00adlhores do que s\u00e3o ofe\u00adre\u00adcidos (8). A l\u00f3\u00adgica dessa ar\u00adgu\u00admen\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 per\u00adversa: ao se dis\u00adcursar e atuar contra im\u00adpostos e con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais en\u00adquanto n\u00e3o houver ser\u00advi\u00e7o de qua\u00adli\u00addade di\u00adfi\u00adculta a ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o e im\u00adpede que haja ser\u00advi\u00e7os de qua\u00adli\u00addade, jus\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adcando o dis\u00adcurso contra im\u00adposto.<\/p>\n

Como con\u00adsequ\u00eancia da falta de fis\u00adca\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o, da im\u00adpu\u00adni\u00addade e dos dis\u00adcursos que re\u00adla\u00adti\u00advizam ou mesmo jus\u00adti\u00adficam a so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o, esta atinge, no Brasil, um valor ab\u00adsur\u00adda\u00admente alto, cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addente a 10% do PIB na\u00adci\u00adonal (9). Ou seja, se ela n\u00e3o exis\u00adtisse, ainda te\u00adr\u00edamos um setor p\u00fa\u00adblico que ab\u00adsor\u00adveria um per\u00adcen\u00adtual do PIB bem in\u00adfe\u00adrior \u00e0quele ab\u00adsor\u00advido nos pa\u00edses mais or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzados; en\u00adtre\u00adtanto, os pro\u00adblemas que te\u00adr\u00edamos se\u00adriam muito me\u00adnores do que s\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Mas, fi\u00adnal\u00admente, quem so\u00adnega, so\u00adnega o qu\u00ea?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quem so\u00adnega, o faz na pre\u00advi\u00add\u00eancia, pen\u00ads\u00f5es, edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o, sa\u00fade, se\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a, sa\u00adne\u00ada\u00admento b\u00e1\u00adsico e tudo o mais que \u00e9 feito com (pelo menos a maior parte) os re\u00adcursos p\u00fa\u00adblicos. Por exemplo, o es\u00adquema de so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o que deu origem \u00e0 ope\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o Ze\u00adlotes, des\u00adviou, se\u00adgundo dados que t\u00eam sido di\u00advul\u00adgados, cerca de 20 bi\u00adlh\u00f5es de reais. Se esses re\u00adcursos des\u00advi\u00adados ti\u00advessem os des\u00adtinos m\u00e9\u00addios dos re\u00adcursos p\u00fa\u00adblicos da ta\u00adbela acima, tal valor cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00adderia a cerca de 7 bi\u00adlh\u00f5es de reais rou\u00adbados do sis\u00adtema pre\u00advi\u00adden\u00adci\u00e1rio, cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addente \u00e0 renda anual de meio mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de apo\u00adsen\u00adtados que, sem ela, muitos podem sim\u00adples\u00admente ter mor\u00adrido.<\/p>\n

Da\u00adqueles cerca de 20 bi\u00adlh\u00f5es, seis bi\u00adlh\u00f5es iriam para a edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o. Con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrando que a evas\u00e3o es\u00adcolar ao longo do en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental ocorre ba\u00adsi\u00adca\u00admente por falta de re\u00adcursos fi\u00adnan\u00adceiros para atender ade\u00adqua\u00adda\u00admente os es\u00adtu\u00addantes, aquela so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o fez com que perto de meio mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de cri\u00adan\u00e7as possam ter dei\u00adxado a es\u00adcola, tor\u00adnando-se adultos anal\u00adfa\u00adbetos. A parte do SUS da\u00adqueles 20 bi\u00adlh\u00f5es \u00e9 su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente para cem mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de con\u00adsultas m\u00e9\u00addicas, ou al\u00adguns mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de dias de in\u00adter\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o hos\u00adpi\u00adtalar. Evi\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente, muitos mi\u00adlhares de pes\u00adsoas mor\u00adreram por causa da\u00adquele desvio.<\/p>\n

Quem so\u00adnega, so\u00adnega edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o, sa\u00fade, se\u00adgu\u00adri\u00addade so\u00adcial, jus\u00adti\u00e7a, se\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a, vida, mo\u00adradia, trans\u00adporte, de\u00admo\u00adcracia e muito mais e con\u00adtribui para nosso atraso edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00adonal, para os baixos ren\u00addi\u00admentos pagos pelos sis\u00adtemas pre\u00advi\u00adden\u00adci\u00e1\u00adrios, para a ma\u00adnu\u00adten\u00e7\u00e3o dos nossos altos \u00edn\u00addices de mor\u00adta\u00adli\u00addade in\u00adfantil. Quem de\u00adfende uma po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica de Es\u00adtado m\u00ed\u00adnimo, de\u00adfende a pre\u00adca\u00adri\u00ade\u00addade da\u00adqueles ser\u00advi\u00e7os, a au\u00ads\u00eancia de de\u00admo\u00adcracia e a ga\u00adrantia do atraso. Caso os dis\u00adcursos dos so\u00adne\u00adga\u00addores e de\u00adfen\u00adsores de um Es\u00adtado m\u00ed\u00adnimo ti\u00advessem su\u00adcesso nos pa\u00edses com me\u00adlhores in\u00addi\u00adca\u00addores so\u00adciais (edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, de sa\u00fade, IDH), em pouco tempo eles se tor\u00adna\u00adriam novos Brasis.<\/p>\n

Notas:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Todos os va\u00adlores ci\u00adtados podem apre\u00adsentar uma pe\u00adquena va\u00adri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o, tanto por causa de va\u00adri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de um ano para outro como de cri\u00adt\u00e9\u00adrios ado\u00adtados. En\u00adtre\u00adtanto, essas pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis va\u00adri\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o com\u00adpro\u00admetem as an\u00e1\u00adlises feitas ou as con\u00adclu\u00ads\u00f5es ob\u00adtidas,<\/p>\n

2) Pa\u00edses cujos go\u00advernos gastam entre 31% e 32% do PIB, se\u00adgundo o ver\u00adbete \u201cGo\u00advern\u00adment Spen\u00adding<\/em>\u201d da Wi\u00adki\u00adp\u00e9dia, con\u00adsul\u00adtado em 5\/12\/2017, s\u00e3o \u00c1frica do Sul, Bah\u00adrein, Bot\u00adsuana, Cabo Verde, Catar, Egito, Ge\u00f3rgia, Guiana, Ja\u00admaica, Li\u00adb\u00e9ria, Ma\u00adced\u00f4nia, Su\u00ada\u00adzi\u00adl\u00e2ndia, Uz\u00adbe\u00adquist\u00e3o e Vi\u00adetn\u00e3. Pa\u00edses cujos gastos s\u00e3o ainda in\u00adfe\u00adri\u00adores \u00e0queles per\u00adcen\u00adtuais, apre\u00adsentam, em m\u00e9dia e com ra\u00adr\u00eds\u00adsimas ex\u00adce\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es, in\u00addi\u00adca\u00addores so\u00adciais, cul\u00adtu\u00adrais e de de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento hu\u00admano in\u00adfe\u00adri\u00adores aos lis\u00adtados. O s\u00edtio\u00a0https:\/\/\u200bdata.\u200boecd.\u200borg\/<\/a>\u00a0sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adtiza di\u00adversos dados re\u00adfe\u00adrentes \u00e0 ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o e des\u00adpesa de go\u00advernos.<\/p>\n

3) \u00c9 ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio lem\u00adbrar que nos EUA as con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es pre\u00advi\u00adden\u00adci\u00e1\u00adrias e de sa\u00fade, mesmo quando com\u00adpul\u00ads\u00f3\u00adrias, n\u00e3o est\u00e3o com\u00adpu\u00adtadas, em grande parte, dentro das contas p\u00fa\u00adblicas.<\/p>\n

4) Se\u00adgundo dados sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adti\u00adzados pelos or\u00adga\u00adnismos in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais (https:\/\/\u200bdata.\u200bwor\u200bldba\u200bnk.\u200borg\/\u200bind\u200bicat\u200bor\/\u200bSH.\u200bXPD.\u200bPUBL.\u200bZS?\u200bname_\u200bdes\u200bc=fal\u200bse<\/a>), em 2014, ano mais re\u00adcente dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel, o Brasil in\u00advestiu 3,8% do seu PIB em sa\u00fade p\u00fa\u00adblica. A m\u00e9dia mun\u00addial na\u00adquele ano era de 6%<\/p>\n

5) Em di\u00adversos es\u00adtados dos EUA, mais do que me\u00adtade do or\u00ad\u00e7a\u00admento es\u00adta\u00addual prov\u00e9m de im\u00adposto sobre a renda.<\/p>\n

6) Apenas um exemplo: nos EUA, pa\u00eds cujos en\u00addi\u00adnhei\u00adrados bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros fingem tomar como pa\u00adra\u00addigma, a al\u00ed\u00adquota m\u00e1\u00adxima do im\u00adposto fe\u00adderal sobre he\u00adran\u00e7a \u00e9 de 40%. Al\u00e9m dele, h\u00e1 im\u00adpostos sobre he\u00adran\u00e7a em n\u00edvel es\u00adta\u00addual. No Brasil, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 im\u00adposto fe\u00adderal sobre he\u00adran\u00e7a e as al\u00ed\u00adquotas es\u00adta\u00adduais n\u00e3o ul\u00adtra\u00adpassam os 8% – no Cear\u00e1 -, sendo, em S\u00e3o Paulo, de 4%.<\/p>\n

7) A BBC Brasil tem ma\u00adt\u00e9ria, dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel em\u00a0http:\/\/\u200bwww.\u200bbbc.\u200bcom\/\u200bpor\u200btugu\u200bese\/\u200bbrasil-\u200b41019093<\/a>, com al\u00adguns tru\u00adques usados pelos mais ricos para dri\u00adblar o pa\u00adga\u00admento de im\u00adpostos no Brasil.<\/p>\n

8) Apenas para se ter uma ideia, todo o sis\u00adtema p\u00fa\u00adblico de sa\u00fade disp\u00f5e, a va\u00adlores de final de 2017, de R$ 100 por m\u00eas e por pessoa. Com tal quan\u00adti\u00addade de re\u00adcursos, ne\u00adnhum sis\u00adtema con\u00adse\u00adguiria prestar me\u00adlhor aten\u00addi\u00admento do que o sis\u00adtema p\u00fa\u00adblico ofe\u00adrece.<\/p>\n

9) Es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtiva do Sin\u00addi\u00adcato Na\u00adci\u00adonal dos Pro\u00adcu\u00adra\u00addores da Fa\u00adzenda Na\u00adci\u00adonal, http:\/\/\u200bwww.\u200bqua\u200bntoc\u200busta\u200bobra\u200bsil.\u200bcom.\u200bbr\/. H\u00e1 es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtivas in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais que co\u00adlocam o valor total so\u00adne\u00adgado no Brasil li\u00adgei\u00adra\u00admente abaixo da so\u00adne\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o nos EUA, apesar do PIB da\u00adquele pa\u00eds ser cerca de dez vezes maior,\u00a0http:\/\/\u200bblogs.\u200breuters.\u200bcom\/\u200bdavid-\u200bcay-\u200bjoh\u200bnsto\u200bn\/\u200b2011\/\u200b12\/\u200b13\/\u200bwheres-\u200bthe-\u200bfraud-\u200bmr-\u200bpre\u200bside\u200bnt\/<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/12996-quem-sonega-sonega-o-que<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Otaviano Helene – Os gastos p\u00fa\u00adblicos no Brasil (in\u00adcluindo gastos fe\u00adde\u00adrais, es\u00adta\u00adduais e mu\u00adni\u00adci\u00adpais, co\u00adbertos por ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00adpostos, con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais, taxas etc.) cor\u00adres\u00adpondem, grosso modo, e em uma m\u00e9dia v\u00e1\u00adlida para os \u00fal\u00adtimos anos, a cerca de 33% (1) do pro\u00adduto in\u00adterno bruto do pa\u00eds (PIB). Essa ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o, di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adte\u00admente do que se re\u00adpete in\u00adsis\u00adten\u00adte\u00admente […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[59],"class_list":["post-6696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia","tag-sonegacao"],"yoast_head":"\nQuem sonega, sonega o qu\u00ea? - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2018\/01\/05\/quem-sonega-sonega-o-que\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quem sonega, sonega o qu\u00ea? - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Otaviano Helene – Os gastos p\u00fa\u00adblicos no Brasil (in\u00adcluindo gastos fe\u00adde\u00adrais, es\u00adta\u00adduais e mu\u00adni\u00adci\u00adpais, co\u00adbertos por ar\u00adre\u00adca\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o de im\u00adpostos, con\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais, taxas etc.) cor\u00adres\u00adpondem, grosso modo, e em uma m\u00e9dia v\u00e1\u00adlida para os \u00fal\u00adtimos anos, a cerca de 33% (1) do pro\u00adduto in\u00adterno bruto do pa\u00eds (PIB). 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