{"id":5969,"date":"2017-11-15T12:09:08","date_gmt":"2017-11-15T14:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=5969"},"modified":"2017-11-14T11:10:51","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T13:10:51","slug":"superar-a-evasao-antes-do-final-do-ensino-fundamental","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/11\/15\/superar-a-evasao-antes-do-final-do-ensino-fundamental\/","title":{"rendered":"Superar a evas\u00e3o antes do final do ensino fundamental"},"content":{"rendered":"

Otaviano Helene<\/strong> – Este \u00e9 o se\u00adgundo ar\u00adtigo de uma pe\u00adquena s\u00e9rie na qual se pre\u00adtende ana\u00adlisar in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, fazer di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adticos e apontar pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis so\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para os pro\u00adblemas iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adcados.<\/p>\n

Em um ar\u00adtigo an\u00adte\u00adrior, foi apre\u00adsen\u00adtado um di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adtico breve e geral da edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira (1). Entre os pro\u00adblemas mais graves apon\u00adtados na\u00adquele ar\u00adtigo est\u00e1 a evas\u00e3o es\u00adcolar antes do t\u00e9r\u00admino do en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental (EF), pro\u00adblema que atinge todos os es\u00adtados do pa\u00eds. A gra\u00advi\u00addade da si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 enorme. A que ati\u00advi\u00addades as cri\u00adan\u00e7as hoje ex\u00adclu\u00eddas do EF po\u00adder\u00e3o se de\u00addicar ao longo das pr\u00f3\u00adximas d\u00e9\u00adcadas, se, j\u00e1 hoje, n\u00e3o ter o en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental com\u00adpleto \u00e9 uma enorme bar\u00adreira para a in\u00adclus\u00e3o na so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade? Onde o pa\u00eds ir\u00e1 con\u00adse\u00adguir os pro\u00adfis\u00adsi\u00ado\u00adnais de que pre\u00adcisa com a enorme ex\u00adclus\u00e3o es\u00adcolar \u2013 que n\u00e3o se es\u00adgota no en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental? Como su\u00adperar ou pelo menos mi\u00adnorar as de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addades re\u00adgi\u00ado\u00adnais e de renda, que faz do Brasil um dos pa\u00edses mais in\u00adjustos do mundo, quando se nega a um grande per\u00adcen\u00adtual de cri\u00adan\u00e7as as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00ed\u00adnimas de so\u00adbre\u00advi\u00adv\u00eancia com dig\u00adni\u00addade?<\/p>\n

Evi\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente, so\u00adnegar os di\u00adreitos m\u00ed\u00adnimos de ci\u00adda\u00addania a um grande con\u00adtin\u00adgente de pes\u00adsoas \u00e9 su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente para in\u00advi\u00ada\u00adbi\u00adlizar o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento de um pa\u00eds. Por\u00adtanto, se qui\u00adsermos, no fu\u00adturo, ter um pa\u00eds de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adtico, so\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advido e com um sis\u00adtema pro\u00addu\u00adtivo que res\u00adponda \u00e0s ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addades da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio su\u00adperar a evas\u00e3o es\u00adcolar em todos os n\u00ed\u00adveis, em es\u00adpe\u00adcial, no en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental. Vamos ver mais de\u00adta\u00adlha\u00adda\u00admente de que ta\u00admanho \u00e9 o pro\u00adblema, ava\u00adliar o pas\u00adsivo que ele j\u00e1 gerou e o que pre\u00adci\u00adsamos fazer para su\u00adper\u00e1-lo.<\/p>\n

O ta\u00admanho da evas\u00e3o es\u00adcolar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uma com\u00adpa\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o dos dados es\u00adta\u00adt\u00eds\u00adticos di\u00advul\u00adgados pelo INEP com as in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais do IBGE in\u00addica que a evas\u00e3o ao longo do EF tem atin\u00adgido uma em cada tr\u00eas ou quatro cri\u00adan\u00e7as desde o final da d\u00e9\u00adcada de 1990. Essa taxa de evas\u00e3o equi\u00advale, em pe\u00adr\u00edodos mais re\u00adcentes, a uma m\u00e9dia de cerca de um mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de cri\u00adan\u00e7as a cada ano. A es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtiva \u00e9 con\u00adfir\u00admada pelo Censo de 2010, que in\u00addica que das 43,8 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de pes\u00adsoas entre 15 e 24 anos, 10,4 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es n\u00e3o ha\u00adviam com\u00adple\u00adtado o en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental, ou seja, um mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de cada corte et\u00e1rio de um ano. Como pes\u00adsoas nessa faixa et\u00e1ria (15 a 24 anos) em 2010 de\u00adve\u00adriam ter fre\u00adquen\u00adtado o en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental por volta do ano 2000, con\u00adfir\u00admamos que, na\u00adquela \u00e9poca, perto de um mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de cri\u00adan\u00e7as aban\u00addo\u00adnavam a cada ano a es\u00adcola sem com\u00adpletar o EF.<\/p>\n

Vamos es\u00adtimar o es\u00adfor\u00e7o que pre\u00adci\u00adsa\u00adr\u00edamos fazer para su\u00adperar esse pro\u00adblema. Em\u00adbora a ex\u00adclus\u00e3o possa ocorrer em qual\u00adquer ano do en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental, como pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente a to\u00adta\u00adli\u00addade das cri\u00adan\u00e7as do pa\u00eds inicia esse n\u00edvel de en\u00adsino, uma hi\u00adp\u00f3\u00adtese sim\u00adpli\u00adfi\u00adcada \u00e9 que a evas\u00e3o ocorra uni\u00adfor\u00adme\u00admente ao longo dos nove anos de sua du\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o. Isso in\u00addica que para evitar que a cada ano um mi\u00adlh\u00e3o de pes\u00adsoas aban\u00addonem a es\u00adcola antes dos nove anos de es\u00adco\u00adla\u00adri\u00addade obri\u00adga\u00adt\u00f3ria o pa\u00eds de\u00adveria ter cerca 4 a 5 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de ma\u00adtr\u00ed\u00adculas a mais. A es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtiva dos re\u00adcursos ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrios para manter essas cri\u00adan\u00e7as no sis\u00adtema es\u00adcolar, su\u00adpondo um in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento por es\u00adtu\u00addante pr\u00f3\u00adximo dos 25% a 30% da renda per ca\u00adpita na\u00adci\u00adonal (2), \u00e9 da ordem de 0,5% do PIB.<\/p>\n

Esse \u00e9 um in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento bas\u00adtante pe\u00adqueno, pois, al\u00e9m do ganho pes\u00adsoal da\u00adqueles que deixam de ser pre\u00adma\u00adtu\u00adra\u00admente ex\u00adclu\u00eddos, ocor\u00adreria tamb\u00e9m um ganho sob o ponto de vista econ\u00f4\u00admico, na me\u00addida em que um maior n\u00edvel edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00adonal per\u00admite uma vida eco\u00adno\u00admi\u00adca\u00admente ativa mais pro\u00addu\u00adtiva.<\/p>\n

D\u00ed\u00advidas a serem pagas<\/strong><\/p>\n

A Cons\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, desde 1988, afirma que o en\u00adsino fun\u00adda\u00admental \u00e9 obri\u00adga\u00adt\u00f3rio e, con\u00adse\u00adquen\u00adte\u00admente, um di\u00adreito de todas as cri\u00adan\u00e7as. Por\u00adtanto, o pa\u00eds tem uma d\u00ed\u00advida pelo menos para com todas aquelas pes\u00adsoas que foram ex\u00adclu\u00eddas da es\u00adcola antes de com\u00adpletar o EF desde aquele ano. Con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrando a va\u00adri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o no pe\u00adr\u00edodo, bem como a va\u00adri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o da taxa de evas\u00e3o, pode-se es\u00adtimar em cerca de 20 a 30 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de pes\u00adsoas ex\u00adclu\u00eddas do EF desde 1988. Pagar essa d\u00ed\u00advida im\u00adplica em ofe\u00adrecer apro\u00adxi\u00adma\u00adda\u00admente 100 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de pes\u00adsoas anos (3) de es\u00adtudo (su\u00adpondo, como j\u00e1 feito, que as pes\u00adsoas deixem o sis\u00adtema es\u00adcolar ao longo de todo o per\u00adcurso). Es\u00adti\u00admando o mesmo in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento por pessoa, da ordem de 25% da renda per ca\u00adpita para cada ano de es\u00adco\u00adla\u00adri\u00addade, pagar aquela d\u00ed\u00advida exige um es\u00adfor\u00e7o da ordem de 10% a 15% do PIB. Se qui\u00adtada em uma d\u00e9\u00adcada, pre\u00adci\u00adsa\u00adr\u00edamos de 1% a 1,5% do PIB a cada ano.<\/p>\n

Essa enorme d\u00ed\u00advida so\u00adcial, caso n\u00e3o seja qui\u00adtada, cus\u00adtar\u00e1 bem mais caro para o pa\u00eds. Claro que a maior parte dessa conta ser\u00e1 paga pelas pr\u00f3\u00adprias pes\u00adsoas ex\u00adclu\u00eddas e por seus fi\u00adlhos e de\u00adpen\u00addentes. Ou seja, as pr\u00f3\u00adprias v\u00ed\u00adtimas pa\u00adgar\u00e3o a conta, ao ocu\u00adparem po\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es muito su\u00adbal\u00adternas na so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade, ao serem mar\u00adgi\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzadas, ao so\u00adfrerem com o de\u00adsem\u00adprego ou a baixa renda etc. Mas uma grande parte do custo ser\u00e1 paga pela so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade como um todo.<\/p>\n

Con\u00adclus\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e1, no pa\u00eds, pro\u00adfes\u00adsores em quan\u00adti\u00addade su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente para dar conta tanto do au\u00admento do n\u00fa\u00admero de alunos que ha\u00adveria com o fim da evas\u00e3o como para o aten\u00addi\u00admento da\u00adquelas pes\u00adsoas ex\u00adclu\u00eddas da es\u00adcola ao longo do EF desde 1988. Desde que as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de tra\u00adbalho sejam ade\u00adquadas, o que \u00e9 ga\u00adran\u00adtido com in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos por es\u00adtu\u00addante na casa dos 25% a 30% da renda per ca\u00adpita, pro\u00adfes\u00adsores que hoje n\u00e3o exercem a pro\u00adfiss\u00e3o se\u00adriam atra\u00eddos no\u00adva\u00admente para ela.<\/p>\n

Se es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtivas como essas forem feitas con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrando-se ou\u00adtras a\u00e7\u00f5es ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrias para co\u00adlocar a edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira em um pa\u00adtamar mi\u00adni\u00adma\u00admente acei\u00adt\u00e1vel, o que in\u00adclui re\u00adcursos para a re\u00admu\u00adne\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o dos pro\u00adfis\u00adsi\u00ado\u00adnais da edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o, au\u00admento do n\u00fa\u00admero de horas de per\u00adma\u00adn\u00eancia na es\u00adcola por parte dos es\u00adtu\u00addantes, me\u00adlhora das con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de es\u00adtudo e tra\u00adbalho, ex\u00adpans\u00e3o do en\u00adsino su\u00adpe\u00adrior p\u00fa\u00adblico etc., a soma dos va\u00adlores adi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrios chega pr\u00f3\u00adximo dos 5% do PIB. Esse valor \u00e9 to\u00adtal\u00admente acei\u00adt\u00e1vel, por v\u00e1\u00adrias ra\u00adz\u00f5es, entre elas porque os in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais con\u00adtri\u00adbuem sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente para o au\u00admento do PIB e, por\u00adtanto, se pagam em um prazo acei\u00adt\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio lem\u00adbrar que au\u00admentar em 5% do PIB os in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos em edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o sig\u00adni\u00adfica re\u00adduzir o PIB; sig\u00adni\u00adfica apenas des\u00adtinar mais re\u00adcursos para o setor. Como um per\u00adcen\u00adtual maior do PIB para um setor im\u00adplica em um per\u00adcen\u00adtual menor para ou\u00adtros se\u00adtores, desde que estes sejam ade\u00adqua\u00adda\u00admente es\u00adco\u00adlhidos, pode-se ga\u00adnhar nas duas pontas.<\/p>\n

Se uma po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o bem es\u00adco\u00adla\u00adri\u00adzada \u00e9 con\u00addi\u00e7\u00e3o ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1ria para vi\u00ada\u00adbi\u00adlizar o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento so\u00adcial de um pa\u00eds, um co\u00adro\u00adl\u00e1rio dessa afir\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o ga\u00adrante que atrasos es\u00adco\u00adlares como os nossos s\u00e3o su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adentes para in\u00advi\u00ada\u00adbi\u00adlizar o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento na\u00adci\u00adonal, o cres\u00adci\u00admento econ\u00f4\u00admico e o es\u00adta\u00adbe\u00adle\u00adci\u00admento de uma de\u00admo\u00adcracia.<\/p>\n

Notas:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0A edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira n\u00e3o vai nada bem<\/em>, Cor\u00adreio da Ci\u00adda\u00addania, 23\/ou\u00adtubro\/2017,\u00a0http:\/\/\u200bwww.\u200bcor\u200breio\u200bcida\u200bdani\u200ba.\u200bcom.\u200bbr\/\u200b2-\u200bunc\u200bateg\u200boris\u200bed\/\u200b12904-\u200ba-\u200bedu\u200bcaca\u200bo-\u200bbra\u200bsile\u200bira-\u200bnao-\u200bvai-\u200bnada-\u200bbem<\/a><\/p>\n

2) A por\u00adcen\u00adtagem de in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento por es\u00adtu\u00addante da ordem de 25 a 30% da renda per ca\u00adpita \u00e9 t\u00ed\u00adpica para pa\u00edses que, ricos ou n\u00e3o, t\u00eam bons sis\u00adtemas edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais.<\/p>\n

3) Ou seja, pre\u00adci\u00adsamos de 100 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de ma\u00adtr\u00ed\u00adculas por um ano, ou 50 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es por dois anos etc.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/12935-superar-a-evasao-antes-do-final-do-ensino-fundamental<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Otaviano Helene – Este \u00e9 o se\u00adgundo ar\u00adtigo de uma pe\u00adquena s\u00e9rie na qual se pre\u00adtende ana\u00adlisar in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, fazer di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adticos e apontar pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis so\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para os pro\u00adblemas iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adcados. Em um ar\u00adtigo an\u00adte\u00adrior, foi apre\u00adsen\u00adtado um di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adtico breve e geral da edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira (1). Entre os pro\u00adblemas mais graves apon\u00adtados na\u00adquele ar\u00adtigo est\u00e1 a evas\u00e3o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2636,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5969","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educacao"],"yoast_head":"\nSuperar a evas\u00e3o antes do final do ensino fundamental - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/11\/15\/superar-a-evasao-antes-do-final-do-ensino-fundamental\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Superar a evas\u00e3o antes do final do ensino fundamental - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Otaviano Helene – Este \u00e9 o se\u00adgundo ar\u00adtigo de uma pe\u00adquena s\u00e9rie na qual se pre\u00adtende ana\u00adlisar in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es edu\u00adca\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, fazer di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adticos e apontar pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis so\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para os pro\u00adblemas iden\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adcados. Em um ar\u00adtigo an\u00adte\u00adrior, foi apre\u00adsen\u00adtado um di\u00adag\u00adn\u00f3s\u00adtico breve e geral da edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira (1). 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