{"id":5943,"date":"2017-11-13T09:43:07","date_gmt":"2017-11-13T11:43:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=5943"},"modified":"2018-09-03T15:26:20","modified_gmt":"2018-09-03T18:26:20","slug":"notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/11\/13\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (4)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wladimir Pomar<\/strong> –\u00a0Um ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo in\u00addus\u00adtrial e co\u00admer\u00adcial su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzado, ao qual foi agre\u00adgada uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00ed\u00adcola mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adzada \u00e0 custa da maior parte da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade, tendia n\u00e3o s\u00f3 a manter, mas a agravar aquilo que al\u00adguns au\u00adtores chamam de \u201cde\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade ana\u00adcr\u00f4\u00adnica\u201d. Um dos exem\u00adplos mais ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticos dessa ten\u00add\u00eancia, ou da in\u00adca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro em mudar os ele\u00advados graus de de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade so\u00adcial, pode ser en\u00adcon\u00adtrado na crise que se se\u00adguiu ao \u201cmi\u00adlagre econ\u00f4\u00admico\u201d da di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar.<\/p>\n

Tal mi\u00adlagre chegou a sus\u00adcitar es\u00adpe\u00adran\u00e7as em se\u00adtores da pr\u00f3\u00adpria classe ope\u00adr\u00e1ria. Esta, re\u00adno\u00advada e en\u00adgros\u00adsada pelos grandes con\u00adtin\u00adgentes de ex-agre\u00adgados ru\u00adrais li\u00adbe\u00adrados para vender sua for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho nos cen\u00adtros ur\u00adbanos, nu\u00adtriu ilu\u00ads\u00f5es de que o pro\u00adcesso de ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o de em\u00adpregos seria cons\u00adtante. No en\u00adtanto, sendo su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzado, o mi\u00adlagre ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista co\u00adman\u00addado pela di\u00adta\u00addura foi in\u00adcapaz de re\u00adsistir \u00e0s crises mun\u00addiais do pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo e da d\u00ed\u00advida ex\u00adterna dos anos 1970 e 1980. Morreu, for\u00ad\u00e7ando uma re\u00adti\u00adrada es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgica dos mi\u00adli\u00adtares. E deixou como he\u00adran\u00e7a um de\u00adsem\u00adprego de grande parte dos que ha\u00adviam sido des\u00adlo\u00adcados dos campos para as ci\u00addades, dando origem a uma imensa massa ex\u00adclu\u00edda, na qual so\u00adbres\u00adsaem os sem (es\u00adcola)-sem (em\u00adprego).<\/p>\n

\u00c9 ver\u00addade que os in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtuais desse ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo des\u00adcar\u00adregam sobre o pr\u00f3\u00adprio povo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro a res\u00adpon\u00adsa\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade por tais in\u00adfor\u00adt\u00fa\u00adnios. Para al\u00adguns deles, um povo mes\u00adti\u00e7o, criado pela co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o lusa atra\u00adsada, ja\u00admais seria capaz de se\u00adguir os passos dos \u201cpi\u00ado\u00adneiros\u201d norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcanos. Para ou\u00adtros, ao con\u00adtr\u00e1rio, seria jus\u00adta\u00admente a mes\u00adti\u00ad\u00e7agem que nos em\u00adpur\u00adraria para a frente. Di\u00adzendo de outro modo, ambos acre\u00additam que a ra\u00e7a \u00e9 o fator de\u00adci\u00adsivo para ex\u00adplicar os tra\u00e7os ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticos de nosso povo e de suas classes so\u00adciais. Dei\u00adxaram de lado a pes\u00adquisa his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica sobre o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento real das for\u00e7as pro\u00addu\u00adtivas e das re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil. E chegam a ex\u00adpli\u00adcitar que a co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do Brasil teria sido di\u00adfe\u00adrente se hou\u00advesse sido re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada pelos in\u00adgleses ou pelos ho\u00adlan\u00addeses, a exemplo da co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adglesa da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte.<\/p>\n

Com isso, por exemplo, es\u00adquecem ou en\u00adco\u00adbrem os re\u00adsul\u00adtados da co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adglesa na \u00cdndia e na \u00c1frica do Sul e da ho\u00adlan\u00addesa na In\u00addo\u00adn\u00e9sia, di\u00adfe\u00adrentes da que ocorreu na Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte. Como j\u00e1 vimos, os Es\u00adtados Unidos n\u00e3o ti\u00adveram a mesma sorte (ou azar) da \u00cdndia e do Brasil porque a In\u00adgla\u00adterra pre\u00adci\u00adsava re\u00adduzir a press\u00e3o po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00adonal dos des\u00adter\u00adrados pela cri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de ove\u00adlhas e pelo de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento ainda in\u00adci\u00adpi\u00adente das ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adturas. Grande parte das terras par\u00adca\u00admente ha\u00adbi\u00adtadas da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte de ent\u00e3o apre\u00adsen\u00adtavam con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para re\u00adceber tais des\u00adter\u00adrados, onde po\u00addiam es\u00adta\u00adbe\u00adlecer-se como agri\u00adcul\u00adtores in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addentes e at\u00e9 co\u00adpiar as novas t\u00e9c\u00adnicas e re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o que es\u00adtavam sendo im\u00adplan\u00adtadas na me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole. Nas col\u00f4\u00adnias nor\u00adtistas pu\u00adderam de\u00adsen\u00advolver uma in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria local e, para com\u00adpletar, re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzaram duas guerras re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrias, a de in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia e a de li\u00adqui\u00adda\u00e7\u00e3o do es\u00adcra\u00advismo e im\u00adplan\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado em todos os Es\u00adtados Unidos.<\/p>\n

Assim, en\u00adquanto a bur\u00adguesia norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcana, na se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade do s\u00e9\u00adculo 19, le\u00adgi\u00adti\u00admava sua he\u00adge\u00admonia econ\u00f4\u00admica e so\u00adcial, seja em con\u00adfronto aberto com a Es\u00adpanha, seja dis\u00adfar\u00ad\u00e7a\u00adda\u00admente com a In\u00adgla\u00adterra, a in\u00adsig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adcante bur\u00adguesia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira so\u00admente deu seus pri\u00admeiros passos no final da\u00adquele s\u00e9\u00adculo, com as ex\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ad\u00ean\u00adcias fra\u00adcas\u00adsadas e\/ou es\u00adma\u00adgadas do Bar\u00e3o de Mau\u00e1 e de Del\u00admiro Gou\u00adveia. Sob in\u00adflu\u00eancia do tra\u00adta\u00admento dado pelos la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios a seus agre\u00adgados, nas tr\u00eas pri\u00admeiras d\u00e9\u00adcadas do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20 tal bur\u00adguesia ainda se es\u00adfor\u00ad\u00e7ava para de\u00admons\u00adtrar que rei\u00advin\u00addi\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ope\u00adr\u00e1\u00adrias n\u00e3o pas\u00adsavam de ar\u00adru\u00ada\u00e7as e as\u00adsuntos po\u00adli\u00adciais. Se\u00adgundo ela, greves n\u00e3o de\u00adve\u00adriam fazer parte das ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticas do povo d\u00f3cil e cor\u00addial que teria, pa\u00adci\u00adfi\u00adca\u00admente, \u201ccon\u00adquis\u00adtado\u201d sua in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia, \u201cli\u00adber\u00adtado\u201d os es\u00adcravos e \u201cpro\u00adcla\u00admado\u201d a Re\u00adp\u00fa\u00adblica.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 l\u00f3\u00adgico que essa bur\u00adguesia, su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnada aos la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios, n\u00e3o con\u00adse\u00adguia es\u00adconder to\u00adtal\u00admente a ocor\u00adr\u00eancia da Con\u00adfe\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o do Equador, dos Al\u00adfai\u00adates, da Ba\u00adlaiada, das Ca\u00adba\u00adnadas, de Ca\u00adnudos e de ou\u00adtras re\u00advoltas po\u00adpu\u00adlares da his\u00adt\u00f3ria bra\u00adsi\u00adleira. Mas esses acon\u00adte\u00adci\u00admentos foram sempre con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrados pontos fora da curva e, como tais, te\u00adriam me\u00adre\u00adcido um es\u00adma\u00adga\u00admento exem\u00adplar. Talvez por isso v\u00e1\u00adrios au\u00adtores n\u00e3o se aca\u00adnhem em afirmar que, no Brasil, a bur\u00adguesia surgiu no s\u00e9\u00adculo 16, e o pro\u00adle\u00adta\u00adriado no final do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20.<\/p>\n

Contra todas as evi\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricas, tentam jus\u00adti\u00adficar tal dis\u00adpa\u00adrate ci\u00adtando a bur\u00adguesia eu\u00adro\u00adpeia, que teria sido for\u00adjada como classe muitos s\u00e9\u00adculos antes da exis\u00adt\u00eancia do pro\u00adle\u00adta\u00adriado. A ver\u00addade \u00e9 que tal bur\u00adguesia, em\u00adbora sur\u00adgindo pri\u00admeiro como classe m\u00e9dia pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1ria su\u00adbal\u00adterna, n\u00e3o do\u00admi\u00adnante, s\u00f3 acu\u00admulou for\u00e7a econ\u00f4\u00admica, so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica \u00e0 me\u00addida que su\u00adbor\u00addinou sua cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de mer\u00adca\u00addo\u00adrias ao de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento de suas ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adturas aci\u00ado\u00adnadas pelo tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado. E s\u00f3 re\u00ada\u00adlizou a re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o bur\u00adguesa para con\u00adquistar o poder po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico e exercer sua he\u00adge\u00admonia quando seu poder econ\u00f4\u00admico al\u00adcan\u00e7ou di\u00admens\u00e3o igual ou su\u00adpe\u00adrior ao dos feu\u00addais.<\/p>\n

Em ou\u00adtras pa\u00adla\u00advras, os au\u00adtores que eli\u00adminam as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adri\u00adadas como base para a ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o da mais-valia e a acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7a econ\u00f4\u00admica des\u00adco\u00adnhecem que, em\u00adbora os ha\u00adbi\u00adtantes dos burgos da Idade M\u00e9dia fossem cha\u00admados de bur\u00adgueses, a bur\u00adguesia so\u00admente se con\u00adformou como classe so\u00adcial quando o sis\u00adtema de uso da for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho livre pelo as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adri\u00ada\u00admento se tornou pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnante. Sem tal re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o ha\u00adveria bur\u00adgueses ha\u00adbi\u00adtantes de burgos, mas n\u00e3o bur\u00adguesia como classe so\u00adcial.<\/p>\n

A bur\u00adguesia \u201cbra\u00adsi\u00adleira\u201d, cons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00edda em grande parte por par\u00adcelas ou fra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras e por la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios que apro\u00advei\u00adtaram a ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1ria subs\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o das im\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para se tor\u00adnarem in\u00addus\u00adtriais, s\u00f3 co\u00adme\u00e7ou a ga\u00adnhar corpo nas pri\u00admeiras d\u00e9\u00adcadas do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20. Nos anos 1930 e 1940, \u00e9poca de crise e guerra mun\u00addial, a fra\u00e7\u00e3o na\u00adci\u00adonal dessa bur\u00adguesia cresceu ba\u00adfe\u00adjada por in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos e fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00admentos es\u00adta\u00adtais, mas n\u00e3o chegou a ter um poder econ\u00f4\u00admico e uma he\u00adge\u00admonia que lhe per\u00admi\u00adtisse subs\u00adti\u00adtuir a classe la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria e as fra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras no poder po\u00adli\u00adtico.<\/p>\n

Essa fra\u00e7\u00e3o na\u00adci\u00adonal man\u00adteve-se sempre su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnada \u00e0 classe la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria e \u00e0s fra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas es\u00adtran\u00adgeiras, em es\u00adpe\u00adcial \u00e0 norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcana. Viveu sempre do acordo ou da con\u00adci\u00adli\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o com esses se\u00adtores do\u00admi\u00adnantes, tor\u00adnando-se in\u00adcapaz de di\u00adrigir qual\u00adquer pro\u00adcesso real de de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista so\u00adbe\u00adrano. Mesmo du\u00adrante a di\u00adta\u00addura mi\u00adlitar, que mo\u00adder\u00adnizou os la\u00adti\u00adf\u00fan\u00addios e trans\u00adformou seus pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios em fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria da bur\u00adguesia, com\u00adple\u00adtando o pro\u00adcesso de im\u00adplan\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o do sis\u00adtema ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista no Brasil, a fra\u00e7\u00e3o bur\u00adguesa na\u00adci\u00adonal foi in\u00adcapaz de se impor. A he\u00adge\u00admonia con\u00adti\u00adnuou em poder dos se\u00adtores in\u00addus\u00adtriais e fi\u00adnan\u00adceiros es\u00adtran\u00adgeiros, en\u00adquanto os la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios se re\u00ador\u00adga\u00adni\u00adzavam como fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria da bur\u00adguesia.<\/p>\n

Essas ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticas pr\u00f3\u00adprias da evo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4\u00admica e so\u00adcial bra\u00adsi\u00adleira cau\u00adsaram in\u00fa\u00admeros em\u00adba\u00adra\u00e7os aos seus es\u00adtu\u00addi\u00adosos. Al\u00adgumas cor\u00adrentes au\u00adto\u00adde\u00adno\u00admi\u00adnadas mar\u00adxistas che\u00adgaram a ad\u00admitir a exis\u00adt\u00eancia de uma for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adcial feudal, tendo por base as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o apa\u00adren\u00adtadas ao feu\u00adda\u00adlismo. O que levou al\u00adguns a con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrarem que a bur\u00adguesia na\u00adci\u00adonal de\u00adveria ter um papel re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1rio. Su\u00adpu\u00adseram que ela po\u00adderia trans\u00adformar as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o (uni\u00adver\u00adsa\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado), de\u00adsen\u00advolver o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo e at\u00e9 mesmo criar as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para a re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlista de\u00adpois que a re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adtico-bur\u00adguesa hou\u00advesse cum\u00adprido seu papel his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico. As di\u00adfe\u00adrentes ali\u00adan\u00e7as e a su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o dessas cor\u00adrentes a se\u00adtores da bur\u00adguesia ti\u00adnham por base esse pres\u00adsu\u00adposto te\u00f3\u00adrico.<\/p>\n

Ou\u00adtras cor\u00adrentes mar\u00adxistas ten\u00adtaram es\u00adcapar desse em\u00adba\u00adra\u00e7o ana\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico de\u00adfen\u00addendo que o modo de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o do\u00admi\u00adnante no Brasil teria sido es\u00adcra\u00advista co\u00adlo\u00adnial. O que pode ex\u00adplicar a maior parte da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade bra\u00adsi\u00adleira at\u00e9 1888, mas n\u00e3o o meio s\u00e9\u00adculo se\u00adguinte em que pre\u00addo\u00adminou a agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o e em que, nas ci\u00addades, se dis\u00adse\u00admi\u00adnaram as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es mo\u00adne\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrias para a compra e venda da for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho. Para com\u00adplicar, ainda houve cor\u00adrentes que re\u00adsol\u00adveram virar Marx de ca\u00adbe\u00e7a para baixo e afirmar que a co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil e nos de\u00admais pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9\u00adrica La\u00adtina teria sido ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, ou que con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adravam a eco\u00adnomia mun\u00addial uma es\u00adtru\u00adtura centro-pe\u00adri\u00adferia que se per\u00adpe\u00adtu\u00adaria, mesmo em ritmos di\u00adfe\u00adrentes.<\/p>\n

Um es\u00adtudo mais apro\u00adpriado do de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista nos Es\u00adtados Unidos e no Brasil du\u00adrante as d\u00e9\u00adcadas de 1970-1990 pode de\u00admons\u00adtrar com mais crueza como as ten\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo avan\u00ad\u00e7ado, pre\u00advistas por Marx, foram in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcadas, e como as ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticas de\u00adsi\u00adguais de su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o, de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro se acen\u00adtu\u00adaram.<\/p>\n

Nos Es\u00adtados Unidos sur\u00adgiram cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ainda mai\u00adores do que as mul\u00adti\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, as trans\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais. Elas uti\u00adli\u00adzaram cada vez mais seu poder de mo\u00adno\u00adp\u00f3lio e de oli\u00adgo\u00adp\u00f3lio para eli\u00adminar a con\u00adcor\u00adr\u00eancia (ou com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00e7\u00e3o), dri\u00adblar as leis an\u00adti\u00adtruste, con\u00adcen\u00adtrar e cen\u00adtra\u00adlizar cada vez mais a ri\u00adqueza (1% da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcana det\u00e9m mais ri\u00adqueza do que os de\u00admais 99%), n\u00e3o dar qual\u00adquer aten\u00e7\u00e3o aos pro\u00adblemas eco\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgicos e, cada vez mais, subs\u00adti\u00adtuir o tra\u00adbalho vivo (re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado di\u00adre\u00adta\u00admente pelos ho\u00admens) pelo tra\u00adbalho morto (re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado por m\u00e1\u00adquinas pro\u00adgra\u00admadas), in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcando o de\u00adsem\u00adprego es\u00adtru\u00adtural e as pau\u00adpe\u00adri\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ab\u00adso\u00adluta e re\u00adla\u00adtiva.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m disso, na busca pela cen\u00adtra\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o dos ca\u00adpi\u00adtais e pela ele\u00adva\u00e7\u00e3o do lucro, o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcano in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou as ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de ca\u00adpital, seja na forma fi\u00adnan\u00adceira, seja na forma de trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia de plantas in\u00addus\u00adtriais seg\u00admen\u00adtadas e\/ou com\u00adpletas. Assim, por um lado sa\u00adqueou e de\u00adsin\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adlizou eco\u00adno\u00admias na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnadas aos ca\u00adpi\u00adtais es\u00adpe\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtivos (caso do Brasil) e de\u00adsin\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adlizou a si pr\u00f3\u00adprio (vide Trump). Por outro, in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o de pa\u00edses atra\u00adsados do ponto de vista ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, mas po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente so\u00adbe\u00adranos, cri\u00adando novos con\u00adcor\u00adrentes (casos da China, \u00cdndia etc.).<\/p>\n

A bur\u00adguesia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, he\u00adge\u00admo\u00adni\u00adzada por suas fra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es fi\u00adnan\u00adceira, in\u00addus\u00adtrial es\u00adtran\u00adgeira e, cres\u00adcen\u00adte\u00admente, tamb\u00e9m por sua fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria, em obe\u00addi\u00ad\u00eancia \u00e0s po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas ne\u00ado\u00adli\u00adbe\u00adrais do Con\u00adsenso de Washington, operou nessas mesmas d\u00e9\u00adcadas para fazer com que o pa\u00eds re\u00adtor\u00adnasse \u00e0 po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o de ex\u00adpor\u00adtador de com\u00admo\u00addi\u00adties mi\u00adne\u00adrais e agr\u00ed\u00adcolas e de centro de trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia da ri\u00adqueza na\u00adci\u00adonal (ex\u00adpressa no pro\u00adduto na\u00adci\u00adonal bruto) para os pa\u00edses ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas cen\u00adtrais.<\/p>\n

O re\u00adsul\u00adtado, evi\u00adden\u00adciado na crise do final dos anos 1990, foi a pri\u00adva\u00adti\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o e a trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia, para ou\u00adtros pa\u00edses, de grande parte do parque in\u00addus\u00adtrial im\u00adplan\u00adtado nos anos an\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores (na pr\u00e1\u00adtica, uma quebra ou de\u00adsin\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00addus\u00adtrial), a in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o do de\u00adsem\u00adprego e das de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addades so\u00adciais, e a cres\u00adcente as\u00adcens\u00e3o do agro\u00adne\u00adg\u00f3cio, ou da fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria da bur\u00adguesia, a uma po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o he\u00adgem\u00f4\u00adnica em par\u00adceria com as fra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es fi\u00adnan\u00adceira e es\u00adtran\u00adgeira.<\/p>\n

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Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0Um ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo in\u00addus\u00adtrial e co\u00admer\u00adcial su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzado, ao qual foi agre\u00adgada uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00ed\u00adcola mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adzada \u00e0 custa da maior parte da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade, tendia n\u00e3o s\u00f3 a manter, mas a agravar aquilo que al\u00adguns au\u00adtores chamam de \u201cde\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade ana\u00adcr\u00f4\u00adnica\u201d. Um dos exem\u00adplos mais ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticos dessa ten\u00add\u00eancia, ou da in\u00adca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[57,74],"class_list":["post-5943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teoria","tag-capitalismo","tag-socialismo"],"yoast_head":"\nNotas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (4) - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/11\/13\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-4\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (4) - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0Um ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo in\u00addus\u00adtrial e co\u00admer\u00adcial su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnado, de\u00adpen\u00addente e des\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzado, ao qual foi agre\u00adgada uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00ed\u00adcola mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adzada \u00e0 custa da maior parte da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade, tendia n\u00e3o s\u00f3 a manter, mas a agravar aquilo que al\u00adguns au\u00adtores chamam de \u201cde\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade ana\u00adcr\u00f4\u00adnica\u201d. 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