{"id":5551,"date":"2017-10-07T15:26:36","date_gmt":"2017-10-07T18:26:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=5551"},"modified":"2018-09-03T15:27:54","modified_gmt":"2018-09-03T18:27:54","slug":"notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/10\/07\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wladimir Pomar<\/strong> –\u00a0O Brasil e o que hoje s\u00e3o os Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte en\u00adtraram na his\u00adt\u00f3ria como col\u00f4\u00adnias. De ime\u00addiato ti\u00adveram si\u00admi\u00adla\u00adri\u00addade nas ma\u00adt\u00e9\u00adrias-primas pro\u00addu\u00adzidas para cada me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole, mas di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00e7as sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtivas quanto \u00e0 forma de ocu\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00adonal.<\/p>\n

Para a In\u00adgla\u00adterra al\u00adgumas das col\u00f4\u00adnias ame\u00adri\u00adcanas de\u00adve\u00adriam ser su\u00adpri\u00addoras de al\u00adgod\u00e3o para suas ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adturas de te\u00adcidos, en\u00adquanto ou\u00adtras de\u00adve\u00adriam ab\u00adsorver os ex\u00adce\u00addentes po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais que in\u00adfes\u00adtavam as ci\u00addades in\u00adglesas. Para Por\u00adtugal in\u00adte\u00adres\u00adsava uni\u00adca\u00admente que o Brasil lhe for\u00adne\u00adcesse a\u00e7\u00facar, ouro e as drogas do sert\u00e3o nor\u00adtista, e que n\u00e3o des\u00adpo\u00advo\u00adasse a me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole.<\/p>\n

Assim, en\u00adquanto as col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas do sul da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte e a maior parte da col\u00f4nia por\u00adtu\u00adguesa igua\u00adlavam-se pela ado\u00e7\u00e3o das plan\u00adta\u00adtions tra\u00adba\u00adlhadas por es\u00adcravos, o norte da col\u00f4nia in\u00adglesa di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adciava-se pela ocu\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o de ho\u00admens li\u00advres. Grande parte desses tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores li\u00advres ocupou as terras como far\u00admers (la\u00advra\u00addores in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addentes), ca\u00adpazes de uti\u00adlizar m\u00e1\u00adquinas id\u00ean\u00adticas \u00e0s da me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole, e\/ou como tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adri\u00adados.<\/p>\n

Nas col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas e na col\u00f4nia por\u00adtu\u00adguesa o co\u00admu\u00adnismo ou co\u00admu\u00adni\u00adta\u00adrismo in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgena, com sua re\u00adpulsa ao es\u00adcra\u00advismo e \u00e0 in\u00advas\u00e3o de seus ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrios de ca\u00e7a e co\u00adleta, foi con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrado uma aber\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o hu\u00admana a ser eli\u00admi\u00adnada pelos ar\u00adca\u00adbuzes. Apenas no norte da col\u00f4nia por\u00adtu\u00adguesa (Pro\u00adv\u00edncia do Gr\u00e3o-Par\u00e1) ocorreu uma di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adci\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o pela co\u00adleta de es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00ada\u00adrias re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada por in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgenas das re\u00addu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es re\u00adli\u00adgi\u00adosas.<\/p>\n

Assim, com a cons\u00adtante des\u00adtrui\u00e7\u00e3o das tribos in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgenas, a com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adcial das col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas su\u00adlistas com\u00adpor\u00adtava, al\u00e9m dos fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios civis e mi\u00adli\u00adtares da me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole, uma classe agr\u00e1ria es\u00adcra\u00advista, que mo\u00adrava em casas grandes nas pr\u00f3\u00adprias terras, assim como mer\u00adca\u00addores de di\u00adfe\u00adrentes tipos e es\u00adcravos afri\u00adcanos. Nas col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas nor\u00adtistas con\u00adformou-se, pa\u00adra\u00adle\u00adla\u00admente a uma classe cam\u00adpo\u00adnesa livre e a uma classe de tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores des\u00adpro\u00advidos de pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addades, uma classe de re\u00adpa\u00adra\u00addores e fa\u00adbri\u00adcantes de m\u00e1\u00adquinas agr\u00ed\u00adcolas (prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente para a cul\u00adtura do trigo), e uma classe co\u00admer\u00adcial di\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcada.<\/p>\n

J\u00e1 a com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adcial bra\u00adsi\u00adleira in\u00adcluiu, na maior parte do ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3rio li\u00adto\u00adr\u00e2neo, al\u00e9m dos fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios civis e mi\u00adli\u00adtares da me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole, os ses\u00admeiros, ou a classe agr\u00e1ria es\u00adcra\u00advista que re\u00adcebia da Coroa por\u00adtu\u00adguesa o di\u00adreito fun\u00addi\u00e1rio de plantar cana e tocar en\u00adge\u00adnhos de a\u00e7\u00facar, os es\u00adcravos afri\u00adcanos e, mi\u00adno\u00adri\u00adta\u00adri\u00ada\u00admente, es\u00adcravos in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgenas, en\u00adquanto na Pro\u00adv\u00edncia do Gr\u00e3o-Par\u00e1, ao norte, mis\u00adsi\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios ca\u00adt\u00f3\u00adlicos e in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgenas mes\u00adclavam-se no co\u00ado\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adti\u00advismo apa\u00adren\u00adte\u00admente co\u00admu\u00adnista das re\u00addu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Os ses\u00admeiros pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios das plan\u00adta\u00adtions de cana e dos en\u00adge\u00adnhos do Brasil ti\u00adnham o dever de ex\u00adportar a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7\u00facar para Por\u00adtugal ou para a Ho\u00adlanda, em grande parte por serem fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00adados por co\u00admer\u00adci\u00adantes desses reinos feu\u00addais. Cons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00edram ini\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente a classe la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria, ou o es\u00adta\u00admento dos homes bons, com di\u00adreito a par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adparem das c\u00e2\u00admaras das vilas. A eles, mais adi\u00adante, se jun\u00adtaram os ses\u00admeiros dos ser\u00adt\u00f5es, pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios das fa\u00adzendas de gado.<\/p>\n

Nas plan\u00adta\u00adtions de al\u00adgod\u00e3o das col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas su\u00adlistas da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte, assim como nas plan\u00adta\u00adtions e en\u00adge\u00adnhos de cana da col\u00f4nia por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, do Nor\u00addeste ao Su\u00addeste do Brasil, as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o eram, pois, es\u00adcra\u00advistas: os es\u00adcravos eram obri\u00adgados ao tra\u00adbalho nos eitos das plan\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es e nas for\u00adna\u00adlhas dos en\u00adge\u00adnhos. Nas fa\u00adzendas de gado do Brasil, por\u00e9m, as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o eram apa\u00adren\u00adtadas \u00e0s re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o feu\u00addais.<\/p>\n

Os va\u00adqueiros e os pe\u00f5es eram se\u00admi\u00adli\u00advres, agre\u00adgados aos cur\u00adrais es\u00adpa\u00adlhados por di\u00adversos pontos das ses\u00adma\u00adrias, para criar bois de tra\u00e7\u00e3o para as mo\u00adendas e pro\u00adduzir couro para o en\u00adsa\u00adca\u00admento do a\u00e7\u00facar a ser em\u00adbar\u00adcado para a Eu\u00adropa. Em\u00adbora n\u00e3o per\u00adten\u00adcessem \u00e0 gleba, como no feu\u00adda\u00adlismo, eram obri\u00adgados ao camb\u00e3o (tra\u00adbalho gr\u00e1tis em ser\u00advi\u00e7os do fa\u00adzen\u00addeiro, id\u00ean\u00adtico \u00e0 cor\u00adveia), e ti\u00adnham di\u00adreito a parte da pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o do re\u00adbanho (quarta ou quinta parte das crias).<\/p>\n

Os la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros mo\u00adravam nas casas grandes das plan\u00adta\u00adtions. So\u00admente cons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00edram outra re\u00adsi\u00add\u00eancia nas vilas e cen\u00adtros ur\u00adbanos desse pe\u00adr\u00edodo \u00e0 me\u00addida que estes se de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00adveram. Os es\u00adcravos mo\u00adravam nas sen\u00adzalas, en\u00adquanto os va\u00adqueiros e pe\u00f5es mo\u00adravam em chou\u00adpanas pr\u00f3\u00adximas aos cur\u00adrais es\u00adpa\u00adlhados pelas fa\u00adzendas. Nos cen\u00adtros ur\u00adbanos mai\u00adores, portos para a ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, ha\u00adbi\u00adtavam prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente os fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios da Coroa por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, o clero, os co\u00admer\u00adci\u00adantes e os es\u00adcravos do\u00adm\u00e9s\u00adticos. Tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adri\u00adados eram mi\u00adnoria in\u00adsig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adcante.<\/p>\n

As re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adcra\u00advistas pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnantes man\u00adti\u00adveram-se re\u00adla\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente inal\u00adte\u00adradas no Brasil e nas col\u00f4\u00adnias su\u00adlistas da In\u00adgla\u00adterra por mais de dois s\u00e9\u00adculos. Na se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade do s\u00e9\u00adculo 18, por\u00e9m, ocor\u00adreram mo\u00advi\u00admentos ra\u00addi\u00adcal\u00admente de\u00adsen\u00adcon\u00adtrados nas duas col\u00f4\u00adnias. No Brasil da \u00e9poca mi\u00adnis\u00adte\u00adrial me\u00adtro\u00adpo\u00adli\u00adtana de Pombal, as re\u00addu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es re\u00adli\u00adgi\u00adosas na Pro\u00adv\u00edncia do Gr\u00e3o-Par\u00e1 foram ex\u00adtintas e a es\u00adcra\u00advid\u00e3o foi es\u00adten\u00addida a essa re\u00adgi\u00e3o. Por outro lado, a ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o mi\u00adneira das Ge\u00adrais in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00adficou tanto a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o e o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio de gado bo\u00advino, equino e muar quanto a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de ali\u00admentos para as po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es li\u00advres e es\u00adcravas da mi\u00adne\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Apro\u00advei\u00adtando-se dessas de\u00admandas, a agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adtendeu-se, ent\u00e3o, al\u00e9m do vale do S\u00e3o Fran\u00adcisco e dos pampas su\u00adlinos, pelo vale do Pa\u00adra\u00edba e ao longo das es\u00adtradas reais que li\u00adgavam o sul e o nor\u00addeste da col\u00f4nia \u00e0s minas. Ao mesmo tempo co\u00adme\u00e7ou a surgir a fi\u00adgura do pos\u00adseiro, homem livre que se apro\u00adpriava de terras de\u00advo\u00adlutas para de\u00adsen\u00advolver ati\u00advi\u00addades agr\u00ed\u00adcolas.<\/p>\n

Nas col\u00f4\u00adnias in\u00adglesas, por outro lado, os es\u00adcra\u00advistas su\u00adlistas e os ho\u00admens li\u00advres nor\u00adtistas (que tamb\u00e9m in\u00adclu\u00edam ne\u00adgros fu\u00adgidos da es\u00adcra\u00advid\u00e3o su\u00adlista) uniram-se numa das pri\u00admeiras guerras an\u00adti\u00adco\u00adlo\u00adniais vi\u00adto\u00adri\u00adosas da his\u00adt\u00f3ria do nas\u00adcente ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo. A Guerra de In\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia, ou a Re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o Ame\u00adri\u00adcana (1775-1783), deu sur\u00adgi\u00admento aos Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte, com a ini\u00adci\u00adante in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria nor\u00adtista de\u00adsem\u00adpe\u00adnhando papel im\u00adpor\u00adtante. Con\u00adfor\u00admaram-se assim dois grupos de Es\u00adtados in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addentes: os su\u00adlistas he\u00adge\u00admo\u00adni\u00adzados pela classe agr\u00e1ria es\u00adcra\u00advista, e os nor\u00adtistas he\u00adge\u00admo\u00adni\u00adzados por uma bur\u00adguesia aven\u00adtu\u00adreira e ra\u00adpace.<\/p>\n

Na col\u00f4nia por\u00adtu\u00adguesa do Brasil, por\u00e9m, a in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia s\u00f3 foi ob\u00adtida na se\u00adgunda d\u00e9\u00adcada do s\u00e9\u00adculo 19 (1822), ap\u00f3s su\u00adfocar a Re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o Prai\u00adeira e ou\u00adtros mo\u00advi\u00admentos re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00adden\u00adtistas. A an\u00adtiga me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole por\u00adtu\u00adguesa e o novo pa\u00eds in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addente, este he\u00adge\u00admo\u00adni\u00adzado pela classe agr\u00e1ria es\u00adcra\u00advista, pas\u00adsaram a ser de\u00adpen\u00addentes e su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnados \u00e0 In\u00adgla\u00adterra. Esta, a maior po\u00adt\u00eancia ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista e co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00ada\u00adlista da \u00e9poca, pro\u00adcu\u00adrava, con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00adto\u00adri\u00ada\u00admente, dar fim ao es\u00adcra\u00advismo para am\u00adpliar os mer\u00adcados para seus pro\u00addutos in\u00addus\u00adtriais.<\/p>\n

Em me\u00adados do s\u00e9\u00adculo 19, os la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios es\u00adcra\u00advistas bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros viram-se con\u00adfron\u00adtados por di\u00adversos de\u00adsa\u00adfios. Ex\u00adter\u00adna\u00admente, ti\u00adveram que en\u00adfrentar o sis\u00adtema de ca\u00e7a da frota de guerra in\u00adglesa \u00e0s naves que tra\u00adfi\u00adcavam es\u00adcravos afri\u00adcanos para as Am\u00e9\u00adricas, que re\u00adper\u00adcutia ne\u00adga\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente no pre\u00e7o dos es\u00adcravos con\u00adtra\u00adban\u00adde\u00adados e na oferta de novos ca\u00adtivos. In\u00adter\u00adna\u00admente con\u00adfron\u00adtaram-se com mo\u00advi\u00admentos abo\u00adli\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas, com fugas de es\u00adcravos e cri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de qui\u00adlombos, e com re\u00adbe\u00adli\u00f5es de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adticas, tanto ur\u00adbanas quanto ru\u00adrais, como as dos ca\u00adbanos e ba\u00adlaios.<\/p>\n

Essa si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o con\u00adfli\u00adtuosa obrigou o sis\u00adtema im\u00adpe\u00adrial a criar uma Guarda Na\u00adci\u00adonal, trans\u00adfor\u00admando os la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios em seus co\u00adman\u00addantes, como co\u00adro\u00adn\u00e9is, ma\u00adjores e ca\u00adpi\u00adt\u00e3es ru\u00adrais. As me\u00addidas re\u00adpres\u00adsivas, por\u00e9m, n\u00e3o eram ca\u00adpazes de re\u00adsolver o cres\u00adcente pro\u00adblema de re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da oferta de m\u00e3o de obra, o que levou os ca\u00adfei\u00adcul\u00adtores pau\u00adlistas a in\u00adtro\u00adduzir a par\u00adceria em suas plan\u00adta\u00adtions e, de\u00adpois, o co\u00adlo\u00adnato, com tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores li\u00advres im\u00adpor\u00adtados. Ou seja, in\u00adtro\u00addu\u00adziram em suas la\u00advouras novas formas da agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o pra\u00adti\u00adcada at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o na pe\u00adcu\u00e1ria.<\/p>\n

Nos Es\u00adtados Unidos, os su\u00adlistas con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00adaram man\u00adtendo as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adcra\u00advistas de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o, ao mesmo tempo em que os es\u00adtados nor\u00adtistas pro\u00admo\u00adviam uma r\u00e1\u00adpida ex\u00adpans\u00e3o po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00adonal, fer\u00adro\u00advi\u00e1ria e agr\u00ed\u00adcola das far\u00admers para o oeste, de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00adviam suas in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtrias com tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado e ti\u00adnham cres\u00adcente de\u00admanda de ho\u00admens li\u00advres ven\u00adde\u00addores de for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho. Em con\u00adsequ\u00eancia, as pres\u00ads\u00f5es para a ex\u00adtin\u00e7\u00e3o da es\u00adcra\u00adva\u00adtura ele\u00advaram as con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es entre os es\u00adcra\u00advo\u00adcratas su\u00adlistas e a bur\u00adguesia nor\u00adtista, con\u00adtra\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es que de\u00adsem\u00adbo\u00adcaram na Guerra de Se\u00adcess\u00e3o (1861-1865), le\u00advando \u00e0 abo\u00adli\u00e7\u00e3o re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1ria do es\u00adcra\u00advismo e \u00e0 pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adn\u00e2ncia do tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado em todo o ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3rio es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense.<\/p>\n

Com a vi\u00adt\u00f3ria do norte dis\u00adse\u00adminou-se um de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento econ\u00f4\u00admico e so\u00adcial ti\u00adpi\u00adca\u00admente ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, apesar da ide\u00ado\u00adlogia e da dis\u00adcri\u00admi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o ra\u00adcista e es\u00adcra\u00advista ha\u00adverem per\u00addu\u00adrado for\u00adte\u00admente nos es\u00adtados su\u00adlistas e em in\u00fa\u00admeras ca\u00admadas so\u00adciais norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcanas, como \u00e9 pos\u00ads\u00edvel com\u00adprovar ainda hoje com os cho\u00adques san\u00adgrentos em Char\u00adlot\u00adtes\u00adville, na Vir\u00adg\u00ednia, pro\u00admo\u00advidos por su\u00adpre\u00adma\u00adcistas, ra\u00adcistas, ne\u00ado\u00adna\u00adzistas e ou\u00adtras ten\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias id\u00ean\u00adticas.<\/p>\n

No Brasil, o fim do es\u00adcra\u00advismo n\u00e3o re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00adonou as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1\u00adrias nem su\u00adperou a he\u00adge\u00admonia da classe la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1ria. Essa classe subs\u00adti\u00adtuiu, na agri\u00adcul\u00adtura, as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adcra\u00advistas pela agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o, que se tornou pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnante, e con\u00adti\u00adnuou mo\u00adno\u00adpo\u00adli\u00adzando a pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addade das terras na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e man\u00adtendo a he\u00adge\u00admonia sobre o poder po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico. A maior parte dos an\u00adtigos es\u00adcravos afro\u00addes\u00adcen\u00addentes per\u00adma\u00adneceu nos la\u00adti\u00adf\u00fan\u00addios como par\u00adceiros (me\u00adeiros ou ter\u00adceiros), uma re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adcial n\u00e3o-ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, nem es\u00adcra\u00advista ou ple\u00adna\u00admente feudal. Os tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores n\u00e3o per\u00adten\u00adciam \u00e0s glebas, como no feu\u00adda\u00adlismo, mas se tor\u00adnaram pri\u00adsi\u00ado\u00adneiros do la\u00adti\u00adf\u00fandio ao se en\u00addi\u00advi\u00addarem atrav\u00e9s das fer\u00adra\u00admentas e dos ali\u00admentos que ad\u00adqui\u00adriam na forma de for\u00adne\u00adci\u00admento a ser pago aos la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios.<\/p>\n

Assim, as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adcra\u00advistas pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnaram no campo bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro por mais de 350 anos. A agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista ou pr\u00e9-ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista foi se\u00adcun\u00add\u00e1ria at\u00e9 a abo\u00adli\u00e7\u00e3o, quando se tornou pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnante e per\u00addurou at\u00e9 a se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade dos anos 1960. S\u00f3 ent\u00e3o passou a ser pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente eli\u00admi\u00adnada pela mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista da agri\u00adcul\u00adtura, re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada pelo re\u00adgime mi\u00adlitar.<\/p>\n

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Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0O Brasil e o que hoje s\u00e3o os Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte en\u00adtraram na his\u00adt\u00f3ria como col\u00f4\u00adnias. De ime\u00addiato ti\u00adveram si\u00admi\u00adla\u00adri\u00addade nas ma\u00adt\u00e9\u00adrias-primas pro\u00addu\u00adzidas para cada me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole, mas di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00e7as sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtivas quanto \u00e0 forma de ocu\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00adci\u00adonal. Para a In\u00adgla\u00adterra al\u00adgumas das col\u00f4\u00adnias ame\u00adri\u00adcanas de\u00adve\u00adriam ser su\u00adpri\u00addoras de al\u00adgod\u00e3o para suas ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adturas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[57,74],"class_list":["post-5551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teoria","tag-capitalismo","tag-socialismo"],"yoast_head":"\nNotas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (2) - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/10\/07\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (2) - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0O Brasil e o que hoje s\u00e3o os Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte en\u00adtraram na his\u00adt\u00f3ria como col\u00f4\u00adnias. 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