{"id":5548,"date":"2017-10-07T12:23:58","date_gmt":"2017-10-07T15:23:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=5548"},"modified":"2018-09-03T15:28:24","modified_gmt":"2018-09-03T18:28:24","slug":"notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/10\/07\/notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Notas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wladimir Pomar<\/strong> –\u00a0A atual crise econ\u00f4\u00admica, so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica que o Brasil atra\u00advessa, em grande parte como pro\u00adduto da crise ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista global, tende a trazer \u00e0 tona, cada vez com mais for\u00e7a, a pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade e a ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addade do pa\u00eds e de seu povo evo\u00adlu\u00edrem para o so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo como con\u00addi\u00e7\u00e3o para sair da crise e evo\u00adluir por um ca\u00adminho mais se\u00adguro. \u00c9 ver\u00addade, por outro lado, que as vi\u00ads\u00f5es das di\u00adversas for\u00e7as na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais de es\u00adquerda a res\u00adpeito da for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4\u00admico-so\u00adcial so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlista s\u00e3o ex\u00adtre\u00adma\u00admente d\u00eds\u00adpares, em grande parte porque tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o d\u00eds\u00adpares suas in\u00adter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, assim como sobre o pro\u00adcesso his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico de evo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade bra\u00adsi\u00adleira.<\/p>\n

Co\u00adme\u00ad\u00e7ando por essa evo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 comum, por exemplo, a su\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o de que a prin\u00adcipal ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica ou a prin\u00adcipal pe\u00adcu\u00adli\u00ada\u00adri\u00addade do Brasil seria a de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade so\u00adcial ex\u00adtrema. No en\u00adtanto, tal de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade tem sido pe\u00adcu\u00adliar a todos os pa\u00edses ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas e tamb\u00e9m aos pa\u00edses que n\u00e3o in\u00adgres\u00adsaram nessa for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4\u00admica e so\u00adcial. Tal de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade (uma uni\u00adver\u00adsa\u00adli\u00addade) est\u00e1 se tor\u00adnando ex\u00adtre\u00admada in\u00adclu\u00adsive nos pa\u00edses ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas avan\u00ad\u00e7ados, o que per\u00admitiu a Thomas Pi\u00adketty as\u00adse\u00adgurar e de\u00admons\u00adtrar que a ten\u00add\u00eancia de au\u00admento dela se apro\u00adxima dos n\u00ed\u00adveis exis\u00adtentes du\u00adrante os anos 1910.<\/p>\n

Talvez o mais apro\u00adpriado seja supor que a prin\u00adcipal pe\u00adcu\u00adli\u00ada\u00adri\u00addade do Brasil \u00e9 o mo\u00addelo es\u00adpe\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfico de so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista que re\u00adsultou de sua evo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica. Caio Prado Jr, por exemplo, as\u00adse\u00adgu\u00adrava que \u201cna base e origem da nossa es\u00adtru\u00adtura e or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00e1ria, n\u00e3o en\u00adcon\u00adtramos, tal como na Eu\u00adropa, uma eco\u00adnomia cam\u00adpo\u00adnesa, e sim a mesma grande ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o rural que se per\u00adpe\u00adtuou desde o in\u00edcio da co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira at\u00e9 nossos dias\u201d. Tal \u201cex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o rural\u201d teria se adap\u00adtado \u201cao sis\u00adtema ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, em\u00adbora de forma n\u00e3o in\u00adtei\u00adra\u00admente com\u00adpleta, so\u00adbre\u00adtudo na \u201csubs\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho es\u00adcravo pelo tra\u00adbalho ju\u00adri\u00addi\u00adca\u00admente livre\u201d.<\/p>\n

Assim, os fa\u00adzen\u00addeiros ou la\u00adti\u00adfun\u00addi\u00e1\u00adrios bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros te\u00adriam cons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00eddo, desde o in\u00edcio, uma bur\u00adguesia. Tal bur\u00adguesia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira n\u00e3o teria se for\u00admado com a in\u00addus\u00adtri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o, no s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, nem com a ca\u00adfei\u00adcul\u00adtura flu\u00admi\u00adnense e pau\u00adlista do s\u00e9\u00adculo 19, ou com a pe\u00adcu\u00e1ria, do s\u00e9\u00adculo 17, mas com as plan\u00adta\u00adtions de cana e com os en\u00adge\u00adnhos de a\u00e7\u00facar do s\u00e9\u00adculo 16. A co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o por\u00adtu\u00adguesa do Brasil teria sido mo\u00adti\u00advada por in\u00adte\u00adresses ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas, con\u00adfor\u00admando uma classe do\u00admi\u00adnante luso-bra\u00adsi\u00adleira com ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adticas bur\u00adguesas, fa\u00adzendo com que a acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista tenha pre\u00adce\u00addido a abo\u00adli\u00e7\u00e3o da es\u00adcra\u00advid\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Ou seja, em\u00adbora Caio Prado Jr. tenha re\u00adco\u00adnhe\u00adcido que as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado te\u00adnham sido mar\u00adgi\u00adnais, frente \u00e0s re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais pr\u00e9-ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas pre\u00adva\u00adle\u00adcentes, isso n\u00e3o mo\u00addi\u00adficou em nada sua su\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o de que o Brasil ja\u00admais co\u00adnheceu uma classe do\u00admi\u00adnante que n\u00e3o fosse bur\u00adguesa, porque o pa\u00eds teria nas\u00adcido de uma ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o com ob\u00adje\u00adtivos ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas co\u00admer\u00adciais. Di\u00adzendo de outro modo, para ele o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio seria a ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica prin\u00adcipal do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente de ou\u00adtras con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Con\u00adfundiu, por\u00adtanto, o pro\u00adcesso mer\u00adcantil que levou \u00e0 acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital, re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente pela Es\u00adpanha, Por\u00adtugal, Ho\u00adlanda, In\u00adgla\u00adterra e Fran\u00e7a, entre os s\u00e9\u00adculos 15 e 17, com o pro\u00adcesso ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista de de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento ma\u00adnu\u00adfa\u00adtu\u00adreiro e in\u00addus\u00adtrial, com base no ca\u00adpital acu\u00admu\u00adlado e no tra\u00adbalho as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado, re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado pela In\u00adgla\u00adterra, Fran\u00e7a, Es\u00adtados Unidos, Ale\u00admanha e Jap\u00e3o, do s\u00e9\u00adculo 18 em di\u00adante. Este pro\u00adcesso ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adrizou-se n\u00e3o s\u00f3 pela acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital, na forma de pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addade pri\u00advada dos meios de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o, in\u00adcluindo di\u00adnheiro (o que tamb\u00e9m foi comum nas for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais es\u00adcra\u00advistas e feu\u00addais), mas prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente pelas re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o entre os pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios dos meios de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o (ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas ou bur\u00adguesia) e os tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores li\u00advres (ope\u00adra\u00adriado, pro\u00adle\u00adta\u00adriado), ra\u00addi\u00adcal\u00admente di\u00adfe\u00adrentes das re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es so\u00adciais es\u00adcra\u00advistas e feu\u00addais.<\/p>\n

Nas for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricas es\u00adcra\u00advistas e feu\u00addais, a renda dos es\u00adcra\u00advo\u00adcratas e dos se\u00adnhores feu\u00addais pro\u00advinha da renda fun\u00addi\u00e1ria ge\u00adrada pelo tra\u00adbalho dos es\u00adcravos (des\u00adcon\u00adtado seu custo de cap\u00adtura e de sus\u00adtento e o custo das fer\u00adra\u00admentas) e do tra\u00adbalho dos servos (que eram pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios de seus meios de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o e pa\u00adgavam a renda aos feu\u00addais na forma de cor\u00adveia e de parte da pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/p>\n

Nessas for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricas, os tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores n\u00e3o eram li\u00advres. Os es\u00adcravos eram con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrados ani\u00admais fa\u00adlantes, de pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addade dos es\u00adcra\u00advistas, des\u00adti\u00adnados a tra\u00adba\u00adlhos f\u00ed\u00adsicos, cuja vida e\/ou morte tamb\u00e9m de\u00adpen\u00addiam do se\u00adnhor. Os servos per\u00adten\u00adciam \u00e0 gleba, de onde n\u00e3o po\u00addiam ser ex\u00adpulsos, mas tamb\u00e9m de onde n\u00e3o po\u00addiam sair. O mer\u00adcado exis\u00adtente no es\u00adcra\u00advismo in\u00adclu\u00eda tanto a compra e a venda de es\u00adcravos (em geral cap\u00adtu\u00adrados \u00e0 for\u00e7a), quanto a venda da\u00adquilo que os es\u00adcravos pro\u00addu\u00adziam (prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente mi\u00adne\u00adrais e pro\u00addutos agr\u00ed\u00adcolas). J\u00e1 no feu\u00adda\u00adlismo, o mer\u00adcado n\u00e3o in\u00adclu\u00eda a venda de seres hu\u00admanos.<\/p>\n

No ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, os tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores s\u00e3o for\u00admal\u00admente li\u00advres para vender no mer\u00adcado n\u00e3o a si, mas a sua for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho, por um tempo de\u00adter\u00admi\u00adnado. A renda ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, con\u00adcei\u00adtuada como valor, \u00e9 oriunda da apro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o, pelo ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista, da par\u00adcela do valor ge\u00adrado pelo tra\u00adba\u00adlhador as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriado du\u00adrante seu tempo de tra\u00adbalho no pro\u00adcesso pro\u00addu\u00adtivo, mas n\u00e3o paga pelo ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista. Ou seja, o ope\u00adr\u00e1rio re\u00adcebe um sa\u00adl\u00e1rio para tra\u00adba\u00adlhar um n\u00fa\u00admero de\u00adter\u00admi\u00adnado de horas, mas o sa\u00adl\u00e1rio cor\u00adres\u00adponde apenas a uma par\u00adcela do tempo con\u00adtra\u00adtado, en\u00adquanto o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista se apro\u00adpria da parte n\u00e3o paga, um mais-valor de\u00adno\u00admi\u00adnado por Marx de mais-valia.<\/p>\n

As re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o, pois, a base para a con\u00adcei\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o do tipo de so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade im\u00adpe\u00adrante. \u00c9 in\u00adte\u00adres\u00adsante que a maior parte dos pen\u00adsa\u00addores (his\u00adto\u00adri\u00ada\u00addores, eco\u00adno\u00admistas etc.) aceita e re\u00adproduz tran\u00adqui\u00adla\u00admente que o Im\u00adp\u00e9rio Ro\u00admano foi es\u00adcra\u00advista e que as so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addades que re\u00adsul\u00adtaram da de\u00adsa\u00adgre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o desse im\u00adp\u00e9rio na Eu\u00adropa foram feu\u00addais. No en\u00adtanto, quando exa\u00adminam as so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addades ame\u00adri\u00adcanas re\u00adsul\u00adtantes do pro\u00adcesso mer\u00adcantil de acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o do ca\u00adpital du\u00adrante a tran\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o do feu\u00adda\u00adlismo para o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo eu\u00adropeu, al\u00adguns se em\u00adba\u00adra\u00adlham porque en\u00adxergam no co\u00adm\u00e9rcio com as me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpoles sua apa\u00adrente ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica prin\u00adcipal, dei\u00adxando de lado o exame das re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o re\u00adal\u00admente exis\u00adtentes.<\/p>\n

No Brasil do s\u00e9\u00adculo 16, como ad\u00admite o pr\u00f3\u00adprio Caio Prado Jr., a re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o as\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adriada era ex\u00adtre\u00adma\u00admente mi\u00adno\u00adri\u00adt\u00e1ria. O je\u00adsu\u00edta An\u00adtonil, em seu Cul\u00adtura e Opu\u00adl\u00eancia do Brasil, cons\u00adtatou que tal re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o era pri\u00advi\u00adl\u00e9gio de um ou dois mes\u00adtres de of\u00edcio dos en\u00adge\u00adnhos em meio a uma massa enorme de tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores es\u00adcravos. Va\u00adl\u00e9rio Ar\u00adcary ad\u00admite que o \u201cBrasil agr\u00e1rio, at\u00e9 me\u00adados do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, era uma so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade muito de\u00adsi\u00adgual e r\u00ed\u00adgida\u201d. Em tal so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade teria pre\u00adva\u00adle\u00adcido \u201cuma in\u00adser\u00e7\u00e3o so\u00adcial quase he\u00adre\u00addi\u00adt\u00e1ria: os fi\u00adlhos dos sa\u00adpa\u00adteiros, ou dos al\u00adfai\u00adates, ou dos co\u00admer\u00adci\u00adantes, ou dos m\u00e9\u00addicos, en\u00adge\u00adnheiros, ad\u00advo\u00adgados her\u00addavam o ne\u00adg\u00f3cio dos pais. A grande mai\u00adoria do povo n\u00e3o her\u00addava nada, porque eram os afro\u00addes\u00adcen\u00addentes do tra\u00adbalho es\u00adcravo, pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnan\u00adte\u00admente, agr\u00e1rio\u201d.<\/p>\n

Por\u00adtanto, \u201cera es\u00adta\u00admental porque os cri\u00adt\u00e9\u00adrios de classe e ra\u00e7a se cru\u00adzavam, for\u00adjando um sis\u00adtema h\u00ed\u00adbrido de classe e castas que con\u00adge\u00adlava a mo\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade. A as\u00adcens\u00e3o so\u00adcial era so\u00admente in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addual e es\u00adtreita. De\u00adpendia, es\u00adsen\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente, de re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de in\u00adflu\u00eancia, por\u00adtanto, de cli\u00aden\u00adtela e de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia atrav\u00e9s de v\u00edn\u00adculos pes\u00adsoais: o pis\u00adtol\u00e3o. O cri\u00adt\u00e9rio de se\u00adle\u00e7\u00e3o era de tipo pr\u00e9-ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista: o pa\u00adren\u00adtesco e a con\u00adfi\u00adan\u00e7a pes\u00adsoal\u201d. In\u00adfe\u00adliz\u00admente, Ar\u00adcary n\u00e3o es\u00adcla\u00adrece as re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es que su\u00adbor\u00addi\u00adnavam o povo afro\u00addes\u00adcen\u00addente \u201cpre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnan\u00adte\u00admente agr\u00e1rio\u201d, que cons\u00adti\u00adtuiu a mai\u00adoria da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o bra\u00adsi\u00adleira ap\u00f3s o fim do es\u00adcra\u00advismo, em 1888.<\/p>\n

Di\u00adzendo de outro modo, se muitos acham que a chave de in\u00adter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o do Brasil deve ser a de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade so\u00adcial, e que a chave dessa de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade seria a es\u00adcra\u00advid\u00e3o, talvez tamb\u00e9m seja con\u00adve\u00adni\u00adente exa\u00adminar a si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o do povo afro\u00addes\u00adcen\u00addente ap\u00f3s o final da es\u00adcra\u00advid\u00e3o, \u201cpre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnan\u00adte\u00admente agr\u00e1rio\u201d, e dos des\u00adcen\u00addentes afros e n\u00e3o afros que, da se\u00adgunda me\u00adtade do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20 em di\u00adante, se viram \u00e0s voltas com um de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento in\u00addus\u00adtrial e com uma mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00ed\u00adcola to\u00adtal\u00admente di\u00adfe\u00adrentes dos pe\u00adr\u00edodos an\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores.<\/p>\n

Nesse sen\u00adtido, vale a pena exa\u00adminar os pro\u00adcessos his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos de evo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o e de re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o do Brasil e dos Es\u00adtados Unidos que co\u00adme\u00ad\u00e7aram sua his\u00adt\u00f3ria mo\u00adderna de forma si\u00admilar, um como col\u00f4nia de Por\u00adtugal, na Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Sul, e o outro como 13 col\u00f4\u00adnias di\u00adversas da In\u00adgla\u00adterra, na Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Norte.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.correiocidadania.com.br\/colunistas\/wladimir-pomar\/12826-notas-sobre-capitalismo-e-socialismo-1<\/p>\n

Leia o texto 1:\u00a0clique<\/a><\/p>\n

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Wladimir Pomar –\u00a0A atual crise econ\u00f4\u00admica, so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica que o Brasil atra\u00advessa, em grande parte como pro\u00adduto da crise ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista global, tende a trazer \u00e0 tona, cada vez com mais for\u00e7a, a pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade e a ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addade do pa\u00eds e de seu povo evo\u00adlu\u00edrem para o so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo como con\u00addi\u00e7\u00e3o para sair da crise e evo\u00adluir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4],"tags":[57,74],"class_list":["post-5548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teoria","tag-capitalismo","tag-socialismo"],"yoast_head":"\nNotas sobre capitalismo e socialismo (1) - 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