{"id":4875,"date":"2017-08-25T09:14:43","date_gmt":"2017-08-25T12:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=4875"},"modified":"2017-08-15T15:16:42","modified_gmt":"2017-08-15T18:16:42","slug":"a-doutrina-da-divida-odiosa-e-a-divida-brasileira","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/08\/25\/a-doutrina-da-divida-odiosa-e-a-divida-brasileira\/","title":{"rendered":"A doutrina da d\u00edvida odiosa e a d\u00edvida brasileira"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maicon Cl\u00e1udio da Silva <\/strong>– Para al\u00e9m da per\u00adma\u00adnente san\u00adgria no or\u00ad\u00e7a\u00admento fe\u00adderal, os es\u00adtudos da Au\u00addi\u00adtoria Ci\u00addad\u00e3 da D\u00ed\u00advida t\u00eam de\u00admons\u00adtrado que a d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica bra\u00adsi\u00adleira \u00e9 re\u00adpleta de ile\u00adga\u00adli\u00addades. Sobre esses as\u00adpectos, al\u00adguns an\u00adte\u00adce\u00addentes his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos nos pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adlitam re\u00adfletir tamb\u00e9m a res\u00adpeito da na\u00adtu\u00adreza da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica e de sua le\u00adgi\u00adti\u00admi\u00addade.<\/p>\n

Se\u00adgundo Nildo Ou\u00adri\u00adques (1), em junho de 2004 a as\u00adses\u00adsora de Se\u00adgu\u00adran\u00e7a Na\u00adci\u00adonal dos Es\u00adtados Unidos, Con\u00addo\u00adle\u00adezza Rice, fez res\u00adsurgir o de\u00adbate sobre uma dou\u00adtrina ju\u00adr\u00ed\u00addica muitas vezes es\u00adque\u00adcida, a da d\u00ed\u00advida odiosa. Na oca\u00adsi\u00e3o, a pro\u00adp\u00f3\u00adsito da in\u00advas\u00e3o es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense do Iraque, Rice afirmou que \u201cas pes\u00adsoas pre\u00adcisam en\u00adtender que o Iraque n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 capaz de re\u00adcu\u00adperar-se se paga essa cus\u00adtosa d\u00ed\u00advida\u201d. Em 2003, o porta-voz da Casa Branca, Scott Mc\u00adCle\u00adallan, ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adtando a mesma po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o, disse que a re\u00adcons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o do Iraque \u201cn\u00e3o deve re\u00adceber o peso da d\u00ed\u00advida de um re\u00adgime brutal, que es\u00adtava mais in\u00adte\u00adres\u00adsado em uti\u00adlizar os re\u00adcursos em pa\u00adl\u00e1\u00adcios e salas de tor\u00adtura\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cu\u00adri\u00ado\u00adsa\u00admente, a grande mai\u00adoria dos cre\u00addores ira\u00adqui\u00adanos era eu\u00adro\u00adpeia. Ge\u00ado\u00adpo\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica a parte, as de\u00adcla\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es desses alto-fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1\u00adrios da Casa Branca le\u00advan\u00adtaram no\u00adva\u00admente o tema da le\u00adgi\u00adti\u00admi\u00addade da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica. A Dou\u00adtrina da D\u00ed\u00advida Odiosa \u00e9 mais co\u00admu\u00admente co\u00adnhe\u00adcida por ter sido apli\u00adcada pelos pr\u00f3\u00adprios Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica, em 1898, a res\u00adpeito de Cuba.<\/p>\n

De\u00adpois de d\u00e9\u00adcadas de cons\u00adtantes re\u00adbe\u00adli\u00f5es e de luta pela in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia da Es\u00adpanha, e de\u00advido aos in\u00adte\u00adresses dos Es\u00adtados Unidos em as\u00adsumir o con\u00adtrole do ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3rio cu\u00adbano, o go\u00adverno es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense de\u00adclarou guerra \u00e0 Es\u00adpanha de\u00adpois de uma su\u00adposta ex\u00adplos\u00e3o do en\u00adcou\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7ado Maine no porto de Ha\u00advana.<\/p>\n

De\u00adcla\u00adrada a guerra, os Es\u00adtados Unidos vencem a Es\u00adpanha e em 1898 se firma um pro\u00adto\u00adcolo de paz. Al\u00adguns meses de\u00adpois, Es\u00adpanha e Es\u00adtados Unidos as\u00adsinam o Tra\u00adtado de Paris, pelo qual os ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrios de Cuba, Porto Rico, Guam e Fi\u00adli\u00adpinas s\u00e3o ce\u00addidos aos Es\u00adtados Unidos.<\/p>\n

Ap\u00f3s a re\u00adso\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o do con\u00adflito, o go\u00adverno es\u00adpa\u00adnhol exigiu dos Es\u00adtados Unidos o pa\u00adga\u00admento das obri\u00adga\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ex\u00adternas con\u00adtra\u00eddas pelo go\u00adverno co\u00adlo\u00adnial de Cuba. A ar\u00adgu\u00admen\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o prin\u00adcipal vinha do re\u00adco\u00adnhe\u00adci\u00admento e pa\u00adga\u00admento efe\u00adtuado pelas an\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores col\u00f4\u00adnias da Es\u00adpanha na Am\u00e9\u00adrica do Sul e Am\u00e9\u00adrica Cen\u00adtral de todas as d\u00ed\u00advidas con\u00adtra\u00eddas pela Es\u00adpanha nesses ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrios at\u00e9 o mo\u00admento da in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia.<\/p>\n

Se\u00adgundo Ale\u00adjandro Olmos Gaona, os Es\u00adtados Unidos re\u00adcha\u00ad\u00e7aram o pa\u00adga\u00admento com dois ar\u00adgu\u00admentos fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtais:<\/p>\n

a) que a d\u00ed\u00advida n\u00e3o havia sido con\u00adtra\u00edda em be\u00adne\u00adf\u00edcio do povo de Cuba, mas sim uti\u00adli\u00adzada contra seus in\u00adte\u00adresses;<\/p>\n

b) que as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es (prazos de emiss\u00e3o, juros etc.) ha\u00adviam sido im\u00adpostas ao povo de Cuba pelo pa\u00eds ocu\u00adpante. (GAONA, La deuda odiosa, p. 78, tra\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o nossa).<\/p>\n

Fi\u00adnal\u00admente, os Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica obt\u00eam ganho de causa na Co\u00admiss\u00e3o de Paz, que de\u00adclarou que \u201cdesde o ponto de vista moral, a pro\u00adposta de impor essas d\u00ed\u00advidas a Cuba \u00e9 igual\u00admente in\u00adsus\u00adten\u00adt\u00e1vel\u201d, j\u00e1 que a luta de in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia de Cuba re\u00adpre\u00adsentou as es\u00adpe\u00adran\u00e7as e as\u00adpi\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do con\u00adjunto do povo cu\u00adbano e que \u201cder\u00adrubar os ha\u00adbi\u00adtantes por uma d\u00ed\u00advida criada pela Es\u00adpanha no es\u00adfor\u00e7o de se opor \u00e0 in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia, seria uma in\u00adjus\u00adti\u00e7a maior\u201d (2).<\/p>\n

Con\u00adtudo, ainda se\u00adgundo Ale\u00adjandro Olmos, o pri\u00admeiro an\u00adte\u00adce\u00addente sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtivo de apli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o desse tipo de dou\u00adtrina vem de Por\u00adtugal, e cu\u00adri\u00ado\u00adsa\u00admente tem muito a ver com a his\u00adt\u00f3ria bra\u00adsi\u00adleira.<\/p>\n

Quando em 1826 morre Dom Jo\u00e3o VI, rei de Por\u00adtugal, na linha de su\u00adcess\u00e3o lhe se\u00adguia seu filho D. Pedro I, Im\u00adpe\u00adrador do Brasil. Mas D. Pedro queria con\u00adti\u00adnuar no Brasil e ab\u00addicou ao trono por\u00adtu\u00adgu\u00eas em favor de sua filha D. Maria, de sete anos, fi\u00adcando o pr\u00edn\u00adcipe D. Mi\u00adguel, irm\u00e3o de D. Pedro, como re\u00adgente. Em um ato de usur\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o, D. Mi\u00adguel se pro\u00adclamou rei em 1827, der\u00adru\u00adbando a Cons\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o do Es\u00adtado.<\/p>\n

Na ten\u00adta\u00adtiva de so\u00adlu\u00adci\u00adonar a crise por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, D. Pedro I ab\u00addica do trono do Im\u00adp\u00e9rio do Brasil em favor de seu filho, D. Pedro II, e viaja a In\u00adgla\u00adterra para reunir-se com sua filha, D. Maria. A se\u00adguir, com apoio da Fran\u00e7a e da In\u00adgla\u00adterra, chega a Por\u00adtugal e se en\u00adfrenta com D. Mi\u00adguel, res\u00adtau\u00adrando sua filha ao trono em 1833.<\/p>\n

Acon\u00adtece que du\u00adrante o trans\u00adcurso da guerra, D. Mi\u00adguel havia con\u00adtra\u00eddo um em\u00adpr\u00e9s\u00adtimo de ban\u00adqueiros fran\u00adceses de 40 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de francos a um prazo de 32 anos e juros de 5%. Quando chegou o mo\u00admento do pa\u00adga\u00admento, a rainha D. Maria se negou a pagar a d\u00ed\u00advida, sus\u00adten\u00adtando que havia sido con\u00adtra\u00edda por um usur\u00adpador e que seus atos eram in\u00adv\u00e1\u00adlidos.<\/p>\n

Du\u00adrante d\u00e9\u00adcadas os de\u00adten\u00adtores dos t\u00ed\u00adtulos bus\u00adcaram obter seu pa\u00adga\u00admento, mas a si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3 se re\u00adsolveu em 1891, com re\u00addu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es subs\u00adtan\u00adciais dos juros. Ainda assim, no ano se\u00adguinte, Por\u00adtugal de\u00adcidiu re\u00adduzir uni\u00adla\u00adte\u00adral\u00admente os ser\u00advi\u00e7os da d\u00ed\u00advida a 50% e por fim a 33%.<\/p>\n

Atu\u00adal\u00admente, tamb\u00e9m tem sido de\u00admons\u00adtrado fre\u00adquen\u00adte\u00admente pela Au\u00addi\u00adtoria Ci\u00addad\u00e3 que a prin\u00adcipal ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica do Sis\u00adtema da D\u00ed\u00advida bra\u00adsi\u00adleira \u00e9 a au\u00ads\u00eancia de con\u00adtra\u00adpar\u00adtida da d\u00ed\u00advida \u201cp\u00fa\u00adblica\u201d para o pa\u00eds ou para a so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade. Da mesma ma\u00adneira, o Sis\u00adtema da D\u00ed\u00advida tem pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adtado a trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia de sun\u00adtu\u00adosos re\u00adcursos p\u00fa\u00adblicos ao setor fi\u00adnan\u00adceiro pri\u00advado.<\/p>\n

Grande parte da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica bra\u00adsi\u00adleira tem origem no pe\u00adr\u00edodo da di\u00adta\u00addura civil-mi\u00adlitar ini\u00adciada em 1964 e fi\u00adna\u00adli\u00adzada em 1985, um re\u00adgime sa\u00adbi\u00adda\u00admente sem res\u00adpaldo po\u00adpular. Essas d\u00ed\u00advidas foram re\u00adfi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00adadas pos\u00adte\u00adri\u00ador\u00admente em si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adcusas, sem qual\u00adquer tipo de ques\u00adti\u00ado\u00adna\u00admento de suas ori\u00adgens.<\/p>\n

Da mesma ma\u00adneira, tamb\u00e9m no cha\u00admado pe\u00adr\u00edodo de\u00admo\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adtico, h\u00e1 que se ques\u00adti\u00adonar sobre os ver\u00adda\u00addeiros be\u00adne\u00adfi\u00adci\u00e1\u00adrios do sis\u00adtema da d\u00ed\u00advida. O ren\u00adtismo cres\u00adcente na eco\u00adnomia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, as altas taxas de juros, a co\u00adbran\u00e7a de juros sobre juros, as ir\u00adre\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adri\u00addades con\u00adtra\u00adtuais, e a trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o de d\u00ed\u00advidas pri\u00advadas em d\u00ed\u00advidas p\u00fa\u00adblicas, tudo isso tem sido cons\u00adtante na di\u00adre\u00e7\u00e3o do Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro. N\u00e3o por acaso a ex-pre\u00adsi\u00addente Dilma Rous\u00adseff vetou um pro\u00adjeto de lei para que fosse re\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada uma au\u00addi\u00adtoria da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica fe\u00adderal.<\/p>\n

Tam\u00adpouco por acaso, o Es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro tem ig\u00adno\u00adrado sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente, desde 1988, o que de\u00adter\u00admina o ar\u00adtigo 26 do Ato das Dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es
\nCons\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais Tran\u00adsi\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrias, se\u00adgundo o qual, no prazo de um ano a contar da pro\u00admul\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o da Cons\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o, \u201co Con\u00adgresso Na\u00adci\u00adonal pro\u00admo\u00adver\u00e1, atrav\u00e9s de co\u00admiss\u00e3o mista, exame ana\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtico e pe\u00adri\u00adcial dos atos e fatos ge\u00adra\u00addores do en\u00addi\u00advi\u00adda\u00admento ex\u00adterno bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro\u201d (3).<\/p>\n

Assim sendo, uma ver\u00adda\u00addeira au\u00addi\u00adtoria da d\u00ed\u00advida bra\u00adsi\u00adleira h\u00e1 que buscar, para al\u00e9m das ir\u00adre\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adri\u00addades for\u00admais do en\u00addi\u00advi\u00adda\u00admento do Es\u00adtado na\u00adci\u00adonal, o es\u00adcla\u00adre\u00adci\u00admento efe\u00adtivo de sua na\u00adtu\u00adreza e de seus ver\u00adda\u00addeiros be\u00adne\u00adfi\u00adci\u00e1\u00adrios. \u00c9 neste pro\u00adcesso que a dou\u00adtrina da d\u00ed\u00advida odiosa de\u00adsem\u00adpenha um papel pre\u00adcioso como ins\u00adtru\u00admento ju\u00adr\u00ed\u00addico para uma so\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica. Se\u00adgundo ela, n\u00e3o cabe \u00e0 so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade arcar com os custos do pa\u00adga\u00admento de uma d\u00ed\u00advida con\u00adtra\u00edda por re\u00adgimes ou causas ile\u00adg\u00ed\u00adtimas.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o se trata, por\u00adtanto, de ne\u00adnhuma rei\u00advin\u00addi\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00adci\u00ado\u00adn\u00e1ria, mas sim de se\u00adguir os passos en\u00adsi\u00adnados pelos pr\u00f3\u00adprios Es\u00adtados Unidos da Am\u00e9\u00adrica, a grande po\u00adt\u00eancia im\u00adpe\u00adrial.<\/p>\n

Notas:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Pr\u00f3\u00adlogo em Ale\u00adjandro Olmos Gaona,\u00a0La deuda odiosa: El valor de una doc\u00adtrina ju\u00adr\u00ed\u00addica como ins\u00adtru\u00admento de so\u00adluc\u00adci\u00f3n po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica<\/em>, Bu\u00adenos Aires, 2005.<\/p>\n

2) Ci\u00adtado por Ale\u00adjandro Olmos Gaona,\u00a0La deuda odiosa: El valor de una doc\u00adtrina ju\u00adr\u00ed\u00addica como ins\u00adtru\u00admento de so\u00adluc\u00adci\u00f3n po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica<\/em>, Bu\u00adenos Aires, 2005.<\/p>\n

3) Ar\u00adtigo 26 do Ato das Dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es Cons\u00adti\u00adtui\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es Tran\u00adsi\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrias, da Cons\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o Fe\u00adderal de 1988. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel em:\u00a0http:\/\/\u200bwww.\u200bsenado.\u200bgov.\u200bbr\/\u200bati\u200bvida\u200bde\/\u200bconst\/\u200bcon1988\/\u200bADC1988_\u200b08.\u200b09.\u200b2016\/\u200bart_\u200b26_.\u200basp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/12619-a-doutrina-da-divida-odiosa-e-a-divida-brasileira<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maicon Cl\u00e1udio da Silva – Para al\u00e9m da per\u00adma\u00adnente san\u00adgria no or\u00ad\u00e7a\u00admento fe\u00adderal, os es\u00adtudos da Au\u00addi\u00adtoria Ci\u00addad\u00e3 da D\u00ed\u00advida t\u00eam de\u00admons\u00adtrado que a d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica bra\u00adsi\u00adleira \u00e9 re\u00adpleta de ile\u00adga\u00adli\u00addades. Sobre esses as\u00adpectos, al\u00adguns an\u00adte\u00adce\u00addentes his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos nos pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adlitam re\u00adfletir tamb\u00e9m a res\u00adpeito da na\u00adtu\u00adreza da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica e de sua le\u00adgi\u00adti\u00admi\u00addade. Se\u00adgundo Nildo Ou\u00adri\u00adques […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4876,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[58],"class_list":["post-4875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia","tag-financeirizacao"],"yoast_head":"\nA doutrina da d\u00edvida odiosa e a d\u00edvida brasileira - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/08\/25\/a-doutrina-da-divida-odiosa-e-a-divida-brasileira\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A doutrina da d\u00edvida odiosa e a d\u00edvida brasileira - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maicon Cl\u00e1udio da Silva – Para al\u00e9m da per\u00adma\u00adnente san\u00adgria no or\u00ad\u00e7a\u00admento fe\u00adderal, os es\u00adtudos da Au\u00addi\u00adtoria Ci\u00addad\u00e3 da D\u00ed\u00advida t\u00eam de\u00admons\u00adtrado que a d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica bra\u00adsi\u00adleira \u00e9 re\u00adpleta de ile\u00adga\u00adli\u00addades. Sobre esses as\u00adpectos, al\u00adguns an\u00adte\u00adce\u00addentes his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricos nos pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adlitam re\u00adfletir tamb\u00e9m a res\u00adpeito da na\u00adtu\u00adreza da d\u00ed\u00advida p\u00fa\u00adblica e de sua le\u00adgi\u00adti\u00admi\u00addade. 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