{"id":3318,"date":"2017-03-21T09:52:43","date_gmt":"2017-03-21T12:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=3318"},"modified":"2017-03-19T12:56:54","modified_gmt":"2017-03-19T15:56:54","slug":"trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/","title":{"rendered":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Leonardo Leite<\/strong> – No blog da Boi\u00adtempo, Gi\u00ado\u00advanni Alves fez uma com\u00adpe\u00adtente an\u00e1\u00adlise da atual longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21(1). Apoiado na tese do mar\u00adxista in\u00adgl\u00eas Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts, ele mostra que a raiz da crise \u00e9 a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade do ca\u00adpital ao longo dos \u00fal\u00adtimos anos. Com base nessa cons\u00adta\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, deixa uma per\u00adgunta in\u00adtri\u00adgante que ins\u00adpirou a re\u00adflex\u00e3o que de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00adverei neste texto: \u201co que ir\u00e1 con\u00adtri\u00adbuir para a sa\u00edda da longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21?\u201d.<\/p>\n

O pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo de Trump: ig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia ou sin\u00adtoma da crise?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Os pri\u00admeiros mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Do\u00adnald Trump na Casa Branca pa\u00adrecem dar o tom de sua po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica atrav\u00e9s de uma mis\u00adtura de na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adlismo, ra\u00adcismo e xe\u00adno\u00adfobia. Os grandes meios de co\u00admu\u00adni\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o e os in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtuais que os sub\u00adsi\u00addiam pa\u00adrecem per\u00adplexos com os rumos to\u00admados pelo ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense. Dentre os v\u00e1\u00adrios exem\u00adplos dessa per\u00adple\u00adxi\u00addade, me chamou a aten\u00e7\u00e3o um ar\u00adtigo do eco\u00adno\u00admista Paul Krugman, ven\u00adcedor do Nobel de Eco\u00adnomia em 2008, pu\u00adbli\u00adcado no \u00fal\u00adtimo 30 de ja\u00adneiro, no qual ele su\u00adgere que a im\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o uni\u00adla\u00adteral de ta\u00adrifas de im\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o pelo go\u00adverno Trump po\u00adderia \u201cdes\u00adman\u00adtelar\u201d \u201ctodo o sis\u00adtema de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal\u201d gra\u00e7as, em \u00fal\u00adtima ins\u00adt\u00e2ncia, \u00e0 su\u00adposta \u201cig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia\u201d do pre\u00adsi\u00addente eleito (2). Mais re\u00adcen\u00adte\u00admente, em 13 de fe\u00adve\u00adreiro, ele ge\u00adne\u00adra\u00adlizou sua cren\u00e7a e disse que \u201cTrump \u00e9 as\u00adses\u00adso\u00adrado por ig\u00adno\u00adrantes\u201d (3).<\/p>\n

Seria in\u00adge\u00adnui\u00addade de nossa parte crer na tese de Krugman, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente por dois mo\u00adtivos. Em pri\u00admeiro lugar, os passos de Trump, in\u00adcluindo de\u00adcretos e or\u00addens exe\u00adcu\u00adtivas, tweets e con\u00adversas te\u00adlef\u00f4\u00adnicas, tem es\u00adtreita co\u00adnex\u00e3o entre si, pos\u00adsuem um fun\u00adda\u00admento ra\u00adci\u00adonal que pode e deve ser ex\u00adpli\u00adcado para al\u00e9m da tese da \u201cig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia\u201d ou da ir\u00adra\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00addade. Em se\u00adgundo lugar, o \u201cdes\u00adman\u00adte\u00adla\u00admento\u201d do co\u00adm\u00e9rcio in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal j\u00e1 est\u00e1 em vigor desde antes da posse de Trump, pre\u00adci\u00adsa\u00admente desde a ex\u00adplos\u00e3o da grande de\u00adpress\u00e3o na qual o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo mun\u00addial est\u00e1 ato\u00adlado. Na re\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade, como de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00adverei adi\u00adante, a ofen\u00adsi\u00advi\u00addade de Trump nas re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais \u00e9 muito mais sin\u00adtoma do que causa da de\u00adca\u00add\u00eancia ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista.<\/p>\n

Como sa\u00adbemos, a elei\u00e7\u00e3o de Trump re\u00adsulta de um amplo apoio da classe tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addora em\u00adpo\u00adbre\u00adcida, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente nas co\u00admu\u00adni\u00addades do cha\u00admado Cin\u00adtur\u00e3o da Fer\u00adrugem. De acordo com um ana\u00adlista franc\u00eas, a de\u00adsi\u00adgual\u00addade so\u00adcial \u201ccriou grandes co\u00admu\u00adni\u00addades de pes\u00adsoas sem fu\u00adturo, para as quais a as\u00adpi\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o pre\u00addo\u00admi\u00adnante pode apenas ser voltar o re\u00adl\u00f3gio para tr\u00e1s\u201d (4). O pano de fundo de sua vi\u00adt\u00f3ria \u00e9 o mesmo que ali\u00admentou o Brexit de agosto do ano pas\u00adsado e p\u00f5e Ma\u00adrine Le Pen em con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de vencer as elei\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es fran\u00adcesas. Na me\u00addida em que esse giro \u00e0 di\u00adreita vai se efe\u00adti\u00advando, os go\u00advernos des\u00adlocam suas es\u00adtra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgias po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas para mais pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo, xe\u00adno\u00adfobia etc., pois a po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o (o elei\u00adto\u00adrado) pa\u00adrece que \u201cperdeu a f\u00e9 no pro\u00adgresso\u201d, ou seja, \u201celes olham para tr\u00e1s porque tem medo de olhar para frente\u201d (5).<\/p>\n

Essa ge\u00adne\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzada des\u00adcren\u00e7a no \u201cpro\u00adgresso\u201d tem efe\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente uma base real e con\u00adcreta. Nos Es\u00adtados Unidos, as pes\u00adsoas est\u00e3o ga\u00adnhando cada vez menos do que seus pais, ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o ap\u00f3s ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o: 90% das pes\u00adsoas nas\u00adcidas nos anos 1940 ga\u00adnhavam sa\u00adl\u00e1\u00adrios mai\u00adores que seus pais, en\u00adquanto apenas 50% da ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o dos anos 1980 pode dizer o mesmo (6). Trata-se de uma de\u00adte\u00adri\u00ado\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o quase con\u00adt\u00ednua das con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de vida que se acentua prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente dos anos 1970 em di\u00adante, quando os sa\u00adl\u00e1\u00adrios dos tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores em em\u00adpresas pri\u00advadas ficam pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente es\u00adtag\u00adnados em termos reais, isto \u00e9, quando com\u00adpa\u00adrados \u00e0 in\u00adfla\u00e7\u00e3o(7).<\/p>\n

Em\u00adbora a re\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica iso\u00adla\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnista de Trump tenha con\u00adse\u00adguido cap\u00adturar esse eleitor, o fato \u00e9 que n\u00e3o \u00e9 o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio com a China ou com o M\u00e9\u00adxico o prin\u00adcipal res\u00adpon\u00ads\u00e1vel por essa si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o. Um es\u00adtudo re\u00adcente, ci\u00adtado por Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts e Paul Krugman, mostra que a \u201ccon\u00adcor\u00adr\u00eancia com a China levou \u00e0 perda de 985 mil em\u00adpregos in\u00addus\u00adtriais entre 1999 e 2011. Isto \u00e9 menos do que um quinto da perda ab\u00adso\u00adluta de em\u00adpregos in\u00addus\u00adtriais ao longo desse pe\u00adr\u00edodo e uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o ainda menor do de\u00adcl\u00ednio in\u00addus\u00adtrial de longo prazo\u201d.<\/p>\n

Assim, como diz Ro\u00adberts, houve ga\u00adnhos de \u201cefi\u00adci\u00ad\u00eancia\u201d pelas em\u00adpresas es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addenses, re\u00adfor\u00ad\u00e7ando a in\u00adca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade dos sin\u00addi\u00adcatos em pres\u00adsi\u00adonar os sa\u00adl\u00e1\u00adrios para cima: \u201c80% dos postos de tra\u00adbalho per\u00addidos (nos Es\u00adtados Unidos) n\u00e3o foram subs\u00adti\u00adtu\u00eddos por tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores na China, mas por m\u00e1\u00adquinas e au\u00adto\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d (8), o que tamb\u00e9m ajuda a en\u00adtender a queda da taxa m\u00e9dia de lucro ex\u00adposta por Gi\u00ado\u00advanni Alves. Re\u00adsu\u00admindo: n\u00e3o \u00e9 o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio o res\u00adpon\u00ads\u00e1vel pela de\u00adte\u00adri\u00ado\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o das con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de vida (e das es\u00adpe\u00adran\u00e7as) dos de baixo, mas a pr\u00f3\u00adpria pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista.<\/p>\n

Desse modo, po\u00addemos as\u00adse\u00adgurar que as po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas de Trump, to\u00admadas iso\u00adla\u00adda\u00admente, n\u00e3o ser\u00e3o su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adentes para re\u00adverter a de\u00adca\u00add\u00eancia da eco\u00adnomia es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense. Se isso \u00e9 ver\u00addade, de\u00advemos nos per\u00adguntar, ent\u00e3o, por que sua \u00ean\u00adfase no pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo. N\u00e3o po\u00addemos tratar isso como \u201cig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia\u201d, h\u00e1 algo mais pro\u00adfundo em jogo. Tomo as pa\u00adla\u00advras do ex-mi\u00adnistro da Fa\u00adzenda da Col\u00f4mbia, Jos\u00e9 Ocampo: \u201co vo\u00adlume de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio mun\u00addial tem cres\u00adcido menos que 2% desde 2007. Este \u00e9 o mais t\u00e9\u00adpido cres\u00adci\u00admento desde a Se\u00adgunda Guerra Mun\u00addial, com o vo\u00adlume de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio cres\u00adcendo a uma taxa menor do que a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o global pela pri\u00admeira vez na era do p\u00f3s-guerra\u201d (9). In\u00adclu\u00adsive nos se\u00adtores de mais alta tec\u00adno\u00adlogia as ten\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas est\u00e3o a todo vapor, desde antes de Trump. De acordo com re\u00adla\u00adt\u00f3rio do maior think tank<\/em> re\u00adla\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnado \u00e0 tec\u00adno\u00adlogia e ino\u00adva\u00e7\u00e3o, v\u00e1\u00adrios pa\u00edses, dentre os quais China, Ale\u00admanha e R\u00fassia, est\u00e3o im\u00adpondo \u201cpo\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnistas para ex\u00adpandir a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o do\u00adm\u00e9s\u00adtica e a ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o de bens e ser\u00advi\u00e7os de alta tec\u00adno\u00adlogia\u201d (10).<\/p>\n

Ou seja: Trump n\u00e3o est\u00e1 \u201cdes\u00adman\u00adte\u00adlando\u201d o \u201csis\u00adtema de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal\u201d, como su\u00adgere Krugman, mas est\u00e1 agindo em um mundo j\u00e1 des\u00adman\u00adte\u00adlado. A longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21 tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 uma crise pro\u00adfunda do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo na me\u00addida em que o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior, uma das formas de ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o mais im\u00adpor\u00adtantes do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo em sua fase con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00e2nea, n\u00e3o foi su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente para ame\u00adnizar ou ate\u00adnuar a queda da taxa m\u00e9dia de lucro.<\/p>\n

Desde 1980, se ins\u00adtalou uma mag\u00adn\u00ed\u00adfica apro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de re\u00adcursos da pe\u00adri\u00adferia pelo centro do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo mun\u00addial: dados da or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o Global Fi\u00adnan\u00adcial In\u00adte\u00adgrity<\/em> mos\u00adtram que essa trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia l\u00ed\u00adquida de di\u00adnheiro entre 1980 e 2012 foi da ordem de 16,3 tri\u00adlh\u00f5es de d\u00f3\u00adlares \u2013 o equi\u00adva\u00adlente apro\u00adxi\u00admado ao PIB dos Es\u00adtados Unidos \u2013 re\u00adsul\u00adtante de pa\u00adga\u00admento de juros da d\u00ed\u00advida ex\u00adterna, re\u00admessa de lu\u00adcros pelas com\u00adpa\u00adnhias trans\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais e ope\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es co\u00admer\u00adciais n\u00e3o re\u00adgis\u00adtradas (11).<\/p>\n

Se o que se con\u00adven\u00adci\u00adonou chamar de glo\u00adba\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9, por\u00adtanto, um pro\u00adcesso in\u00adten\u00adsa\u00admente as\u00adsi\u00adm\u00e9\u00adtrico de con\u00adcor\u00adr\u00eancia no mer\u00adcado mun\u00addial, no qual o di\u00adnheiro flui con\u00adti\u00adnu\u00ada\u00admente da pe\u00adri\u00adferia para o centro, trata-se de uma glo\u00adba\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o pro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00admente im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista. Nesse sen\u00adtido, a de\u00adsi\u00addra\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o do co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior pelas grandes cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es e a con\u00adse\u00adquente gui\u00adnada pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnista dos go\u00advernos re\u00advelam que est\u00e1 em curso uma de\u00adsin\u00adte\u00adgra\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00fal\u00adtima fase do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo, as\u00adso\u00adciada com a emer\u00adg\u00eancia da fase se\u00adguinte. Sendo assim, \u00e9 nesta es\u00adquina da his\u00adt\u00f3ria que os mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Trump devem ser en\u00adten\u00addidos.<\/p>\n

O im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo sempre se re\u00adcicla<\/strong><\/p>\n

O pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo emer\u00adgente de hoje \u00e9 muito pa\u00adre\u00adcido com a res\u00adposta im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista \u00e0 longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o da d\u00e9\u00adcada de 1870. De 1879, quando Otto Von Bis\u00admark ergue fortes bar\u00adreiras co\u00admer\u00adciais na Ale\u00admanha, at\u00e9 1913, o pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo se for\u00adta\u00adlece e se ge\u00adne\u00adra\u00adliza pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente no mundo in\u00adteiro, com ex\u00adce\u00e7\u00e3o da Gr\u00e3-Bre\u00adtanha. At\u00e9 a d\u00e9\u00adcada de 1890 n\u00e3o h\u00e1 d\u00fa\u00advida que o ber\u00e7o da re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00addus\u00adtrial era a prin\u00adcipal eco\u00adnomia do pla\u00adneta. En\u00adtre\u00adtanto, o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento in\u00addus\u00adtrial em ou\u00adtros lu\u00adgares do mundo, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente Fran\u00e7a, Ale\u00admanha e Es\u00adtados Unidos, tornou as em\u00adpresas destes pa\u00edses t\u00e3o ou mais com\u00adpe\u00adti\u00adtivas no mer\u00adcado mun\u00addial, di\u00admi\u00adnuindo a par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o das ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es bri\u00adt\u00e2\u00adnicas no total co\u00admer\u00adci\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzado (12). As\u00adsistia-se, por\u00adtanto, um pe\u00adr\u00edodo his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico de crise de li\u00adde\u00adran\u00e7a na hi\u00ade\u00adrar\u00adquia im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista.<\/p>\n

Com mer\u00adcados cada vez mais fe\u00adchados em fun\u00e7\u00e3o das ta\u00adrifas e ou\u00adtras bar\u00adreiras \u00e0 im\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, a sa\u00edda en\u00adcon\u00adtrada para pe\u00adne\u00adtrar em mer\u00adcados es\u00adtran\u00adgeiros foi in\u00advestir e co\u00adme\u00e7ar a pro\u00adduzir dentro dessas eco\u00adno\u00admias. O mar\u00adxista aus\u00adtr\u00edaco Ru\u00addolf Hil\u00adfer\u00adding ra\u00adpi\u00adda\u00admente per\u00adcebeu isso no cl\u00e1s\u00adsico O ca\u00adpital fi\u00adnan\u00adceiro, dando o sub\u00ads\u00eddio para Lenin sus\u00adtentar que na era do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo cl\u00e1s\u00adsico \u201ca ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpi\u00adtais, di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00adte\u00admente da ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o de mer\u00adca\u00addo\u00adrias, ad\u00adquire uma im\u00adpor\u00adt\u00e2ncia par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlar\u00admente grande\u201d (13). For\u00admaram-se grandes cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es fi\u00adnan\u00adceiras e pro\u00addu\u00adtivas com ope\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es em v\u00e1\u00adrios ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrios na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais. Com os con\u00addutos para a trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal de valor via co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior par\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente des\u00adman\u00adte\u00adlados, os Es\u00adtados (e o sis\u00adtema de m\u00fal\u00adti\u00adplos Es\u00adtados) ga\u00adran\u00adtiram a ri\u00adgidez de ou\u00adtros con\u00addutos, ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrios para a flu\u00edda cir\u00adcu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de lu\u00adcros e juros pro\u00addu\u00adzidos no ex\u00adte\u00adrior.<\/p>\n

A es\u00ads\u00eancia do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo (a trans\u00adfe\u00adr\u00eancia in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal de valor) per\u00adma\u00adneceu in\u00adtacta, em\u00adbora se ma\u00adni\u00adfes\u00adtasse por uma com\u00adbi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00adfe\u00adrente de formas (14). O mi\u00adli\u00adta\u00adrismo e a cor\u00adrida ar\u00adma\u00admen\u00adtista, t\u00ed\u00adpicas desse pe\u00adr\u00edodo, in\u00adte\u00adgram, evi\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente, a in\u00adter\u00adven\u00e7\u00e3o es\u00adtatal para ga\u00adrantir o pleno fun\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00admento de con\u00addutos para a apro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de valor pelos cen\u00adtros im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlistas. Em\u00adbora o im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo nunca pres\u00adcinda da for\u00e7a ex\u00adtra\u00ade\u00adcon\u00f4\u00admica, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente das for\u00e7as ar\u00admadas, o grau com o qual ela \u00e9 uti\u00adli\u00adzada de\u00adpende das cir\u00adcuns\u00adt\u00e2n\u00adcias t\u00ed\u00adpicas de cada fase his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrica.<\/p>\n

Quando uma fase im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista se de\u00adsen\u00advolve a partir dos in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos no ex\u00adte\u00adrior, da \u201cex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital\u201d nos termos de Lenin, a for\u00e7a ex\u00adtra\u00ade\u00adcon\u00f4\u00admica \u00e9 mais ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1ria do que quando o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior \u00e9 o carro-chefe. Para um in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento dar frutos, isto \u00e9, lu\u00adcros ou juros, ele pre\u00adcisa ser imo\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adzado du\u00adrante algum in\u00adter\u00advalo de tempo. Por exemplo, quando uma cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o mul\u00adti\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal monta uma fi\u00adlial em outro pa\u00eds, \u00e9 pre\u00adciso algum tempo at\u00e9 que este bra\u00e7o da em\u00adpresa pro\u00adduza, venda e gere lu\u00adcros. O mesmo \u00e9 v\u00e1\u00adlido para um em\u00adpr\u00e9s\u00adtimo in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal: o banco credor pre\u00adcisa es\u00adperar o in\u00adter\u00advalo ne\u00adgo\u00adciado no con\u00adtrato para que o di\u00adnheiro re\u00adtorne acres\u00adcido de juros. Em re\u00adsumo, o di\u00adnheiro in\u00adves\u00adtido (pro\u00addu\u00adtiva ou fi\u00adnan\u00adcei\u00adra\u00admente) no ex\u00adte\u00adrior pre\u00adcisa ficar imo\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adzado, tempo no qual o in\u00adves\u00adtidor est\u00e1 su\u00adjeito a riscos de na\u00adtu\u00adreza di\u00adversas.<\/p>\n

Ocorre algo di\u00adverso quando se trata do co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior, pois, neste caso, a tran\u00adsa\u00e7\u00e3o se con\u00adclui no pr\u00f3\u00adprio ato: a compra ou a venda de algo \u00e9 ime\u00addiata e, por\u00adtanto, su\u00adjeita a uma quan\u00adti\u00addade menor de riscos.<\/p>\n

O ar\u00adgu\u00admento que de\u00adsen\u00advolvo aqui tenta mos\u00adtrar que, sob o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, a in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00addade das ri\u00adva\u00adli\u00addades b\u00e9\u00adlicas entre as grandes po\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcias n\u00e3o de\u00adcorre me\u00adra\u00admente de as\u00adpi\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es in\u00addi\u00advi\u00adduais (sub\u00adje\u00adtivas) \u00e0 li\u00adde\u00adran\u00e7a da hi\u00ade\u00adrar\u00adquia im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista. \u00c9 pre\u00adciso que exista um de\u00adter\u00admi\u00adnado con\u00adjunto de fa\u00adtores ma\u00adte\u00adriais a im\u00adpul\u00adsi\u00adonar a de\u00adfesa dos in\u00adte\u00adresses na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, cer\u00adta\u00admente cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtivos, para um n\u00edvel tal que exija sua con\u00advers\u00e3o em uma de\u00adfesa pro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00admente ar\u00admada.<\/p>\n

A his\u00adt\u00f3ria do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo mostra que a \u00ean\u00adfase ide\u00ado\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgica no pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnismo em subs\u00adti\u00adtui\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 de\u00adfesa do livre-co\u00adm\u00e9rcio \u00e9 uma res\u00adposta \u00e0 crise de uma forma de im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo cen\u00adtrada no co\u00adm\u00e9rcio ex\u00adte\u00adrior, a qual n\u00e3o \u00e9 mais su\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adente para im\u00adpul\u00adsi\u00adonar a acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital nos cen\u00adtros im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlistas e, ao mesmo tempo, re\u00advela a emer\u00adg\u00eancia de uma nova fase do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo, mar\u00adcada pela im\u00adpor\u00adt\u00e2ncia cres\u00adcente dos in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admentos no ex\u00adte\u00adrior. A de\u00adfesa da na\u00e7\u00e3o exige, nesta nova fase, maior su\u00adporte mi\u00adlitar para mi\u00adtigar os riscos e ga\u00adrantir que as fontes de di\u00adnheiro no ex\u00adte\u00adrior per\u00adma\u00adne\u00e7am a fluir para os cen\u00adtros im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlistas.<\/p>\n

Longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21 e nova fase im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlista<\/strong><\/p>\n

No dis\u00adcurso de posse de Trump, a \u00ean\u00adfase \u00e0 ca\u00adte\u00adgoria na\u00e7\u00e3o (\u201cAme\u00adrica First<\/em>\u201d, uma vers\u00e3o re\u00admo\u00adde\u00adlada do slogan de cam\u00adpanha \u201cMake Ame\u00adrica Great Again<\/em>\u201d) an\u00adte\u00adci\u00adpava o que es\u00adtamos as\u00adsis\u00adtindo. A \u00fanica men\u00e7\u00e3o a ques\u00adt\u00f5es ex\u00adternas foi a dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o em \u201cer\u00adra\u00addicar\u201d o \u201cter\u00adro\u00adrismo is\u00adl\u00e2\u00admico\u201d da \u201cface da Terra\u201d, como pode ser visto no se\u00adguinte trecho do do\u00adcu\u00admento ofi\u00adcial sobre po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica ex\u00adterna da Casa Branca: \u201cder\u00adrotar o Es\u00adtado Is\u00adl\u00e2\u00admico (ISIS) e ou\u00adtros grupos ter\u00adro\u00adristas is\u00adl\u00e2\u00admicos ra\u00addi\u00adcais ser\u00e1 nossa maior pri\u00ado\u00adri\u00addade\u201d (15). Sua dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o be\u00adli\u00adge\u00adrante se fez valer pela pri\u00admeira vez em uma ope\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o mi\u00adlitar no I\u00eamen, au\u00adto\u00adri\u00adzada em 25 de ja\u00adneiro, na qual vi\u00adla\u00adrejos ie\u00adme\u00adnitas so\u00adfreram tr\u00eas ata\u00adques por drones desde ent\u00e3o, ma\u00adtando de\u00adzenas de civis, in\u00adcluindo uma me\u00adnina de 8 anos (16).<\/p>\n

Essa mo\u00advi\u00admen\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o pa\u00adrece con\u00adfirmar a dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 guerra do novo go\u00adverno dos Es\u00adtados Unidos. Ainda antes de ser eleito, Trump afirmou que a culpa para o avan\u00e7o do ISIS foi a re\u00adti\u00adrada im\u00adpru\u00addente das tropas es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addenses do Iraque, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente do con\u00adtrole dos po\u00e7os de pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo (17), o que su\u00adpos\u00adta\u00admente teria fa\u00adci\u00adli\u00adtado o fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00admento desta or\u00adga\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o. Re\u00adcen\u00adte\u00admente, no dia 2 de fe\u00adve\u00adreiro, a Casa Branca ad\u00advertiu o Ir\u00e3 pelo teste com m\u00edssil ba\u00adl\u00eds\u00adtico, o que foi visto por Teer\u00e3 como uma ati\u00adtude \u201csem fun\u00adda\u00admento e pro\u00advo\u00adca\u00addora\u201d (18). Em suma, todos os mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Trump su\u00adgerem que o Ori\u00adente M\u00e9dio con\u00adtinua a ser o alvo pri\u00ado\u00adri\u00adt\u00e1rio dos Es\u00adtados Unidos, cujos in\u00adte\u00adresses na re\u00adgi\u00e3o cer\u00adta\u00admente s\u00e3o mais pro\u00adfundos do que \u201ccom\u00adbater o ter\u00adro\u00adrismo\u201d.<\/p>\n

O fun\u00adda\u00admento ma\u00adte\u00adrial para esse in\u00adte\u00adresse \u2013 que n\u00e3o \u00e9 novo, diga-se de pas\u00adsagem \u2013 \u00e9 a ex\u00adpro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de fontes de energia vin\u00adcu\u00adlada com a ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addade de au\u00admentar a lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade dos ca\u00adpi\u00adtais im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlistas. A pro\u00adp\u00f3\u00adsito, as es\u00adco\u00adlhas de Do\u00adnald Trump para os prin\u00adci\u00adpais cargos no go\u00adverno n\u00e3o deixam d\u00fa\u00advidas sobre a in\u00adces\u00adtuosa re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o entre grandes cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es e as po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas de Es\u00adtado, o que fica evi\u00addente com a no\u00adme\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de Rex Til\u00adlerson, ex-pre\u00adsi\u00addente da pe\u00adtro\u00adleira Exxon Mobil, para Se\u00adcre\u00adt\u00e1rio de Es\u00adtado (cuja fun\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 lidar com as\u00adsuntos ex\u00adternos, di\u00adplo\u00admacia etc.). In\u00adclu\u00adsive a con\u00adtro\u00adversa re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o entre a equipe de Trump e o go\u00adverno da R\u00fassia, es\u00adcan\u00adca\u00adrada com a re\u00adn\u00fancia do ge\u00adneral Flynn, fica menos ne\u00adbu\u00adlosa quando a quest\u00e3o ener\u00adg\u00e9\u00adtica apa\u00adrece em pri\u00admeiro plano.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 sobre esse con\u00adtexto (da re\u00adto\u00admada da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade) que se deve en\u00adtender a ale\u00adgada ur\u00adg\u00eancia em re\u00adtomar a cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o dos po\u00adl\u00ea\u00admicos ole\u00ado\u00addutos Keys\u00adtone XL e Da\u00adkota Ac\u00adcess. Um deles serve para levar pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo do Ca\u00adnad\u00e1 para as re\u00adfi\u00adna\u00adrias no Texas, de forma que \u201caju\u00addaria a re\u00adduzir em 40% a de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia ener\u00adg\u00e9\u00adtica ame\u00adri\u00adcana da Ve\u00adne\u00adzuela e do Ori\u00adente M\u00e9dio\u201d. O outro tem a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de ligar a pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e1s e pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo de xisto at\u00e9 cen\u00adtros de dis\u00adtri\u00adbui\u00e7\u00e3o (19).<\/p>\n

A cha\u00admada \u201cre\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o do xisto\u201d \u2013 atrav\u00e9s da qual se ex\u00adtrai pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo e g\u00e1s na\u00adtural com o fra\u00adtu\u00adra\u00admento hi\u00addr\u00e1u\u00adlico de ro\u00adchas de xisto \u2013 se ar\u00adre\u00adfeceu com as re\u00adgu\u00adla\u00admen\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es am\u00adbi\u00aden\u00adtais, ob\u00adjeto de \u00e1cidas cr\u00ed\u00adticas do pre\u00adsi\u00addente Do\u00adnald Trump, que pre\u00adtende re\u00admov\u00ea-las ra\u00adpi\u00adda\u00admente. O re\u00adsul\u00adtado es\u00adpe\u00adrado ser\u00e1 pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o de energia com menor custo, au\u00admento da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade para as cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es in\u00addus\u00adtriais es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addenses e trans\u00adfor\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o dos Es\u00adtados Unidos em ex\u00adpor\u00adtador l\u00ed\u00adquido de g\u00e1s em fu\u00adturo bem pr\u00f3\u00adximo (20).<\/p>\n

A ba\u00adtalha por fontes mais ba\u00adratas de energia, nos fronts ex\u00adterno ou in\u00adterno, in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente de con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es am\u00adbi\u00aden\u00adtais ou hu\u00adma\u00adni\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrias, pa\u00adrece ser, por\u00adtanto, o fun\u00adda\u00admento ra\u00adci\u00adonal que ex\u00adplica par\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente os mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Do\u00adnald Trump na pre\u00adsi\u00add\u00eancia.<\/p>\n

Na es\u00adfera das re\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es co\u00admer\u00adciais, o Ame\u00adrica First<\/em> se traduz, nos termos ofi\u00adciais, em \u201cre\u00adjeitar e re\u00adfor\u00admular acordos co\u00admer\u00adciais fra\u00adcas\u00adsados\u201d, o que foi feito pron\u00adta\u00admente com o aban\u00addono das ne\u00adgo\u00adci\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do acordo de livre co\u00adm\u00e9rcio do Pa\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfico (TPP, na sigla em in\u00adgl\u00eas), o \u201cAmexit do sis\u00adtema de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio global\u201d (21).<\/p>\n

Ade\u00admais, os Es\u00adtados Unidos se pre\u00adparam para \u201ctomar me\u00addidas en\u00e9r\u00adgicas contra as na\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es que (su\u00adpos\u00adta\u00admente) vi\u00adolam tra\u00adtados co\u00admer\u00adciais e pre\u00adju\u00addicam os tra\u00adba\u00adlha\u00addores ame\u00adri\u00adcanos\u201d (22). Em\u00adbora n\u00e3o sai\u00adbamos ainda qual a in\u00adten\u00adsi\u00addade das \u201cme\u00addidas en\u00e9r\u00adgicas\u201d, a dis\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o em pro\u00advocar a po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica de \u201cUma China\u201d ou de\u00adsa\u00adfiar os me\u00adxi\u00adcanos com a cons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o do muro, por mais hi\u00adp\u00f3\u00adcrita que seja, sig\u00adni\u00adfica uma in\u00adten\u00e7\u00e3o em se mo\u00advi\u00admentar em di\u00adre\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 guerra co\u00admer\u00adcial.<\/p>\n

Em termos ge\u00ado\u00adpo\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos, a re\u00adgi\u00e3o que con\u00adcentra atu\u00adal\u00admente o maior vo\u00adlume de ten\u00ads\u00f5es entre os grandes po\u00adderes im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlistas \u00e9 o Mar da China me\u00adri\u00addi\u00adonal, local de pas\u00adsagem de \u201cmais da me\u00adtade da carga mer\u00adcantil anual do mundo\u201d e fun\u00adda\u00admental para as ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es chi\u00adnesas (23).<\/p>\n

Como lembra Alex Cal\u00adli\u00adnicos, \u201cas rotas ma\u00adr\u00ed\u00adtimas das quais de\u00adpende a po\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o da China como a maior eco\u00adnomia in\u00addus\u00adtrial e ex\u00adpor\u00adta\u00addora do mundo s\u00e3o pro\u00adte\u00adgidas pela ma\u00adrinha es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addense, que tem do\u00admi\u00adnado o Pa\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfico desde a der\u00adrota do Jap\u00e3o em 1945. Tal si\u00adtu\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 acei\u00adt\u00e1vel para os go\u00adver\u00adnantes da China, como in\u00addi\u00adcado pela ex\u00adpans\u00e3o ma\u00adrinha do Ex\u00e9r\u00adcito de Li\u00adber\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o Po\u00adpular e pelos pe\u00adsados in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento em sis\u00adtema b\u00e9\u00adlicos (por exemplo, uma frota de sub\u00adma\u00adrinos que, em 2020, equi\u00adparar-se-\u00e1 \u00e0 dos EUA e o m\u00edssil DF-21, que pode atingir alvos m\u00f3\u00adveis no mar tal como porta-avi\u00f5es), que podem negar aos na\u00advios de guerra ame\u00adri\u00adcanos acesso aos mares ao longo da costa chi\u00adnesa\u201d (24). Quando Rex Til\u00adlerson disse, antes de ser no\u00admeado Se\u00adcre\u00adt\u00e1rio de Es\u00adtado, que iria blo\u00adquear o acesso chin\u00eas \u00e0s ilhas lo\u00adca\u00adli\u00adzadas no sul do Mar da China, a res\u00adposta n\u00e3o ofi\u00adcial de Pe\u00adquim, atrav\u00e9s de jornal con\u00adtro\u00adlado pelo Par\u00adtido Co\u00admu\u00adnista, foi dura: os Es\u00adtados Unidos as\u00adsu\u00admi\u00adriam o risco de uma \u201cguerra de grande es\u00adcala\u201d (25).<\/p>\n

De\u00adpois da con\u00adversa te\u00adlef\u00f4\u00adnica entre Trump e o pre\u00adsi\u00addente chin\u00eas Xi Jin\u00adping em 10 de fe\u00adve\u00adreiro, na qual a pro\u00advo\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o do ame\u00adri\u00adcano em re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica de \u201cUma China\u201d foi des\u00adfeita, pa\u00adrece ter fi\u00adcado claro que as ame\u00ada\u00e7as vindas da Casa Branca soam mais como ins\u00adtru\u00admentos de bar\u00adganha. \u00c9 como se os Es\u00adtados Unidos en\u00adtrassem \u201ccom o p\u00e9 na porta\u201d, como diz o di\u00adtado po\u00adpular, para, na sequ\u00eancia, na imi\u00adn\u00eancia de uma guerra co\u00admer\u00adcial, firmar acordos van\u00adta\u00adjosos para as cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es es\u00adta\u00addu\u00adni\u00addenses.<\/p>\n

O eco\u00adno\u00admista Stephen Roach, ex-di\u00adri\u00adgente do Morgan Stanley, alerta que \u201cguerras co\u00admer\u00adciais s\u00e3o raras. Mas, como con\u00adflitos mi\u00adli\u00adtares, elas ge\u00adral\u00admente co\u00adme\u00e7am com dis\u00adcus\u00ads\u00f5es ou de\u00adsen\u00adten\u00addi\u00admentos aci\u00adden\u00adtais. Mais de 85 anos atr\u00e1s, o se\u00adnador Reed Smoot e o de\u00adpu\u00adtado Willis Ha\u00adwley deram o pri\u00admeiro tiro pa\u00adtro\u00adci\u00adnando a Lei de Ta\u00adrifas de 1930. Esta levou a uma ca\u00adtas\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adfica guerra co\u00admer\u00adcial global\u201d (26). Em\u00adbora n\u00e3o tenha sido a Lei Smoot-Ha\u00adwley a causa da grande de\u00adpress\u00e3o dos anos 1930, como pa\u00adrece acre\u00additar Roach e boa parte dos ana\u00adlistas li\u00adbe\u00adrais, a es\u00adca\u00adlada pro\u00adte\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnista ali\u00admentou e foi ali\u00admen\u00adtada por ten\u00ads\u00f5es in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais. Na re\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade, a crise es\u00adtru\u00adtural de ent\u00e3o exigia res\u00adpostas, uma das quais foi uma nova me\u00adta\u00admor\u00adfose do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo.<\/p>\n

Em re\u00adsumo, as crises dos anos 1930 e 1870 nos ajudam a vi\u00adsu\u00ada\u00adlizar o mo\u00admento atual como uma tran\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o entre fases do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo, na qual os mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Trump s\u00e3o ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrios para ace\u00adlerar a emer\u00adg\u00eancia do que est\u00e1 por vir. Os ser\u00advi\u00e7os de in\u00adte\u00adli\u00adg\u00eancia da Casa Branca j\u00e1 avi\u00adsaram, em re\u00adla\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrios p\u00fa\u00adblicos, que o mundo mudou. O re\u00adla\u00adt\u00f3rio Global Trends: Pa\u00adradox of Pro\u00adgress<\/em>, do Con\u00adselho de In\u00adte\u00adli\u00adg\u00eancia Na\u00adci\u00adonal dos Es\u00adtados Unidos, pu\u00adbli\u00adcado em 9 de ja\u00adneiro de 2017, \u00e9 ex\u00adpl\u00ed\u00adcito: \u201cos pr\u00f3\u00adximos cinco anos as\u00adsis\u00adtir\u00e3o o acir\u00adra\u00admento das ten\u00ads\u00f5es dentro e entre pa\u00edses. O cres\u00adci\u00admento global ir\u00e1 di\u00admi\u00adnuir, assim como ir\u00e3o crescer os com\u00adplexos de\u00adsa\u00adfios glo\u00adbais. (…) Para me\u00adlhor e pior, o ce\u00adn\u00e1rio global emer\u00adgente est\u00e1 de\u00adse\u00adnhado para en\u00adcerrar uma era de do\u00adm\u00ednio ame\u00adri\u00adcano que se se\u00adguiu \u00e0 Guerra Fria. Assim, tamb\u00e9m, talvez es\u00adteja a ordem in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal que emergiu ap\u00f3s a Se\u00adgunda Guerra Mun\u00addial. Ser\u00e1 muito di\u00adf\u00edcil co\u00ado\u00adperar in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal\u00admente e go\u00advernar da ma\u00adneira que o p\u00fa\u00adblico es\u00adpera\u201d (27).<\/p>\n

Com isso em m\u00e3os, apenas a in\u00adge\u00adnui\u00addade po\u00adderia atri\u00adbuir os mo\u00advi\u00admentos de Trump \u00e0 \u201cig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia\u201d. O mundo ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista est\u00e1 des\u00adman\u00adte\u00adlado e em pro\u00adcesso de re\u00adcons\u00adtru\u00e7\u00e3o por suas pr\u00f3\u00adprias l\u00f3\u00adgicas in\u00adternas.<\/p>\n

Notas:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Agra\u00adde\u00e7o imen\u00adsa\u00admente a Gus\u00adtavo So\u00adares Iorio por co\u00admen\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios a uma vers\u00e3o pre\u00adli\u00adminar deste texto.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Ver ALVES, Gi\u00ado\u00advanni. A longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo XXI e a era da bar\u00adb\u00e1rie so\u00adcial I<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Ver KRU\u00adGAMN, Paul. Ig\u00adno\u00adr\u00e2ncia de Trump amea\u00e7a o sis\u00adtema de co\u00adm\u00e9rcio in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Ver KRUGMAN, Paul. Trump \u00e9 as\u00adses\u00adso\u00adrado por ig\u00adno\u00adrantes para se for\u00adta\u00adlecer. <\/em>Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Ver FERRY, Jean Pi\u00adsani. The aban\u00addon\u00adment of pro\u00adgress<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> idem.<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Dados dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00ed\u00adveis aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Ver PHELPS, Ed\u00admund. Trump, cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtism and the de\u00adarth of in\u00adno\u00adva\u00adtion<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Ver RO\u00adBERTS, Mi\u00adchael. Trump, trade and te\u00adch\u00adno\u00adlogy. <\/em>Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Ver OCAMPO, Jos\u00e9 An\u00adtonio. Trump and the Latin Ame\u00adrican eco\u00adnomy<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Ver MADI, Maria Ale\u00adjandra. Pro\u00adtec\u00adti\u00ado\u00adnist trends. <\/em>Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Dados dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00ed\u00adveis aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Ver BAI\u00adROCH, Paul. Eco\u00adno\u00admics and World His\u00adtory: myths and pa\u00adra\u00addoxes<\/em>. The Uni\u00adver\u00adsity of Chi\u00adcago Press, 1993, p. 24-29.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Ver LENIN, Vla\u00addimir. O im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo, etapa su\u00adpe\u00adrior do ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo<\/em>. Cen\u00adtauro, 2008, p. 90.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Ver LEITE, Le\u00ado\u00adnardo. A l\u00f3\u00adgica do im\u00adp\u00e9rio do ca\u00adpital (em ho\u00adme\u00adnagem \u00e0 Ellen M. Wood)<\/em><\/a>. Blog da Boi\u00adtempo.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Ver KWAN, Yoon Young. The Anti-Glo\u00adba\u00adli\u00adsa\u00adtion Brexs\u00adplo\u00adsion. <\/em>Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel\u00a0aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Ver KA\u00adPLAN, Ro\u00adbert. Asia\u2019s Caul\u00addron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pa\u00adcific<\/em>. Random House, 2014.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Ver CAL\u00adLI\u00adNICOS, Alex. As m\u00fal\u00adti\u00adplas crises do im\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismo<\/em><\/a>. Re\u00advista Marx e o Mar\u00adxismo, v. 3, n. 4, jan\/jun 2015.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Ver ROACH, Stephen. Trump\u2019s gathe\u00adring trade war<\/em>. Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00edvel aqui<\/a>. Al\u00adguns co\u00admen\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios vindos de Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts podem ser lidos aqui<\/a>.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/12388-trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Leonardo Leite – No blog da Boi\u00adtempo, Gi\u00ado\u00advanni Alves fez uma com\u00adpe\u00adtente an\u00e1\u00adlise da atual longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21(1). Apoiado na tese do mar\u00adxista in\u00adgl\u00eas Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts, ele mostra que a raiz da crise \u00e9 a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade do ca\u00adpital ao longo dos \u00fal\u00adtimos anos. Com base nessa cons\u00adta\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, deixa uma per\u00adgunta in\u00adtri\u00adgante […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia","category-internacional"],"yoast_head":"\nTrump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Leonardo Leite – No blog da Boi\u00adtempo, Gi\u00ado\u00advanni Alves fez uma com\u00adpe\u00adtente an\u00e1\u00adlise da atual longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21(1). Apoiado na tese do mar\u00adxista in\u00adgl\u00eas Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts, ele mostra que a raiz da crise \u00e9 a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade do ca\u00adpital ao longo dos \u00fal\u00adtimos anos. Com base nessa cons\u00adta\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, deixa uma per\u00adgunta in\u00adtri\u00adgante […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Controversiascontemporaneas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Controversiascontemporaneas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"576\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ricardo Alvarez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/contro_versia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@contro_versia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ricardo Alvarez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"28 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ricardo Alvarez\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2\"},\"headline\":\"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":5563,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1\",\"articleSection\":[\"Economia\",\"Internacional\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/\",\"name\":\"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2016\\\/05\\\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":576},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/21\\\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"In\u00edcio\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/\",\"name\":\"Controversia\",\"description\":\"Um site de leitura e debate\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2\",\"name\":\"Ricardo Alvarez\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png\",\"width\":1015,\"height\":1024,\"caption\":\"Ricardo Alvarez\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/05\\\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png\"},\"description\":\"Professor, mestre em geografia urbana pela USP e criador do site Controv\u00e9rsia e escreve semanalmente.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/controversia.com.br\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/Controversiascontemporaneas\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/controversia\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/https:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/contro_versia\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/","og_locale":"pt_PT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia","og_description":"Leonardo Leite – No blog da Boi\u00adtempo, Gi\u00ado\u00advanni Alves fez uma com\u00adpe\u00adtente an\u00e1\u00adlise da atual longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o do s\u00e9\u00adculo 21(1). Apoiado na tese do mar\u00adxista in\u00adgl\u00eas Mi\u00adchael Ro\u00adberts, ele mostra que a raiz da crise \u00e9 a re\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade do ca\u00adpital ao longo dos \u00fal\u00adtimos anos. Com base nessa cons\u00adta\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o, deixa uma per\u00adgunta in\u00adtri\u00adgante […]","og_url":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/","og_site_name":"Controversia","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Controversiascontemporaneas\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Controversiascontemporaneas\/","article_published_time":"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":576,"url":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Ricardo Alvarez","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/contro_versia","twitter_site":"@contro_versia","twitter_misc":{"Escrito por":"Ricardo Alvarez","Tempo estimado de leitura":"28 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/"},"author":{"name":"Ricardo Alvarez","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#\/schema\/person\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2"},"headline":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo","datePublished":"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/"},"wordCount":5563,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#\/schema\/person\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","articleSection":["Economia","Internacional"],"inLanguage":"pt-PT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/","url":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/","name":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo - Controversia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","datePublished":"2017-03-21T12:52:43+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"pt-PT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","width":1024,"height":576},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/2017\/03\/21\/trump-e-a-nova-fase-do-imperialismo\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"In\u00edcio","item":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Trump e a nova fase do imperialismo"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#website","url":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/","name":"Controversia","description":"Um site de leitura e debate","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#\/schema\/person\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"pt-PT"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/#\/schema\/person\/890416adf48f0d52618900e97e15edf2","name":"Ricardo Alvarez","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png","url":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png","width":1015,"height":1024,"caption":"Ricardo Alvarez"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plano-de-Fundo-1015x1024.png"},"description":"Professor, mestre em geografia urbana pela USP e criador do site Controv\u00e9rsia e escreve semanalmente.","sameAs":["http:\/\/controversia.com.br","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Controversiascontemporaneas\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/controversia\/","https:\/\/x.com\/https:\/\/twitter.com\/contro_versia"]}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/controversia.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/donald-trump.jpg?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3318"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3319,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3318\/revisions\/3319"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/262"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3318"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3318"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}