{"id":17451,"date":"2022-03-25T12:50:28","date_gmt":"2022-03-25T15:50:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=17451"},"modified":"2022-03-23T20:55:10","modified_gmt":"2022-03-23T23:55:10","slug":"uma-taxa-mundial-de-lucro-novas-evidencias-importantes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2022\/03\/25\/uma-taxa-mundial-de-lucro-novas-evidencias-importantes\/","title":{"rendered":"Uma taxa mundial de lucro: novas evid\u00eancias importantes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Michael Roberts<\/strong> – A lei de Marx sobre a queda ten\u00adden\u00adcial da taxa de lucro (LQTTL) tem sido for\u00adte\u00admente cri\u00adti\u00adcada ou ig\u00adno\u00adrada como sendo uma ex\u00adpli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o ir\u00adre\u00adle\u00advante das crises sob o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, tanto te\u00f3\u00adrica como em\u00adpi\u00adri\u00adca\u00admente. As cr\u00ed\u00adticas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o dos adeptos da te\u00adoria econ\u00f4\u00admica mains\u00adtream, os quais ge\u00adral\u00admente ig\u00adnoram o papel do lucro nas crises. Elas v\u00eam em parte de\u00a0eco\u00adno\u00admistas p\u00f3s-key\u00adne\u00adsi\u00adanos que en\u00adcaram a “pro\u00adcura agre\u00adgada” como o con\u00addutor das eco\u00adno\u00admias ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlistas, n\u00e3o o lucro<\/a>. Mas os mai\u00adores c\u00e9p\u00adticos est\u00e3o entre eco\u00adno\u00admistas mar\u00adxistas.<\/p>\n

Apesar de Marx con\u00adsi\u00adderar a LQTTL como “a mais im\u00adpor\u00adtante lei da eco\u00adnomia po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica” (Grun\u00addrisse<\/a>) e a causa sub\u00adja\u00adcente dos ci\u00adclos re\u00adcor\u00adrentes de crises (Ca\u00adpital Vo\u00adlume 3 Ca\u00adp\u00ed\u00adtulo 13<\/a>), os c\u00e9p\u00adticos ar\u00adgu\u00admentam que a LQTTL de Marx \u00e9 il\u00f3\u00adgica e “in\u00adde\u00adter\u00admi\u00adnada” como te\u00adoria (Mi\u00adchael Hein\u00adrich<\/a>). E o apoio em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adrico \u00e0 lei \u00e9 ine\u00adxis\u00adtente ou im\u00adpos\u00ads\u00edvel de ave\u00adri\u00adguar. Em vez disso, de\u00advemos pro\u00adcurar alhures por uma te\u00adoria, quer re\u00adcor\u00adrendo a Keynes ou\u00a0amal\u00adga\u00admando v\u00e1\u00adrias te\u00ado\u00adrias ecl\u00e9\u00adticas como “su\u00adper\u00adpro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o” ou “sub\u00adcon\u00adsumo” ou “fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00ada\u00adri\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o”<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 ou sim\u00adples\u00admente acei\u00adtando que n\u00e3o existe uma te\u00adoria mar\u00adxista das crises. Na minha opi\u00adni\u00e3o, estas cr\u00ed\u00adticas foram\u00a0res\u00adpon\u00addidas efi\u00adcaz\u00admente por v\u00e1\u00adrios au\u00adtores, in\u00adcluindo eu pr\u00f3\u00adprio<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mas vamos deixar de lado a va\u00adli\u00addade l\u00f3\u00adgica da lei e con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adremos aqui apenas as evi\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adricas para apoiar a f\u00f3r\u00admula de Marx para a taxa de lucro sobre o ca\u00adpital numa eco\u00adnomia, que \u00e9 s\/C+v, onde s = mais-valia; C = stock de meios de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o fixos e cir\u00adcu\u00adlantes e v = valor da for\u00e7a de tra\u00adbalho (custos sa\u00adla\u00adriais). Os dois pontos-chave de Marx sobre a LQTTL s\u00e3o: 1) ha\u00adver\u00e1 um de\u00adcl\u00ednio se\u00adcular a longo prazo da taxa m\u00e9dia de lucro sobre o stock de ca\u00adpital \u00e0 me\u00addida que o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo se de\u00adsen\u00advolve; e 2) o equi\u00adl\u00ed\u00adbrio dos fa\u00adtores ten\u00adden\u00adciais e contra-ten\u00adden\u00adciais na lei ex\u00adplica os au\u00admentos e quedas re\u00adgu\u00adlares da pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista.<\/p>\n

Gra\u00e7as a me\u00adlhores dados e tamb\u00e9m ao tra\u00adbalho de\u00adter\u00admi\u00adnado de v\u00e1\u00adrios eco\u00adno\u00admistas mar\u00adxistas de\u00adma\u00adsiado nu\u00adme\u00adrosos para citar aqui todos os nomes, talvez a co\u00adme\u00e7ar por\u00a0Shane Mage<\/a>\u00a0em 1963,\u00a0existem agora provas em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adricas es\u00adma\u00adga\u00addoras para con\u00adfirmar a lei de Marx<\/a>. Para co\u00adme\u00e7ar, estas provas li\u00admi\u00adtavam-se ex\u00adclu\u00adsi\u00adva\u00admente a dados dos EUA, que eram os mais abran\u00adgentes. En\u00adtre\u00adtanto, na pri\u00admeira d\u00e9\u00adcada do s\u00e9\u00adculo XXI, al\u00adguns eco\u00adno\u00admistas mar\u00adxistas co\u00adme\u00ad\u00e7aram a com\u00adpilar evi\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias para cal\u00adcular uma taxa mun\u00addial de lucro. Como ar\u00adgu\u00admentei na\u00a0minha pri\u00admeira ten\u00adta\u00adtiva de cal\u00adcular uma taxa mun\u00addial de lucro<\/a>, isto era ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio porque o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo \u00e9 uma “eco\u00adnomia fe\u00adchada” a n\u00edvel global e o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo havia es\u00adpa\u00adlhado os seus ten\u00adt\u00e1\u00adculos por todas as partes do mundo ao longo do s\u00e9\u00adculo XX. Assim, a fim de en\u00adcon\u00adtrar um me\u00adlhor apoio em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adrico para a lei, era ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio cal\u00adcular uma taxa mun\u00addial.<\/p>\n

J\u00e1 em 2007,\u00a0Minqi et al.<\/a>\u00a0fi\u00adzeram a pri\u00admeira ten\u00adta\u00adtiva que co\u00adnhe\u00e7o de cal\u00adcular a taxa mun\u00addial de lucro, se\u00adguida por\u00a0David Za\u00adcha\u00adriah em 2010<\/a>. A minha pri\u00admeira ten\u00adta\u00adtiva gros\u00adseira foi em 2012 (que revi em 2017<\/a>). De\u00adpois apa\u00adreceu um c\u00e1l\u00adculo muito mais vasto que re\u00admonta a 1855 para 14 pa\u00edses por\u00a0Es\u00adteban Maito (2014)<\/a>. Al\u00adguns eco\u00adno\u00admistas mar\u00adxistas foram ve\u00ade\u00admentes no seu cep\u00adti\u00adcismo quanto ao c\u00e1l\u00adculo de uma taxa mun\u00addial de lucro (Ge\u00adrard Du\u00admenil<\/a>). Mas al\u00adguns de n\u00f3s n\u00e3o de\u00adsis\u00adtiram. Com novos n\u00fa\u00admeros da base de dados Penn World Ta\u00adbles 10.0 dis\u00adpo\u00adn\u00ed\u00adveis para os com\u00adpo\u00adnentes da lei (s\/C+v) que re\u00admontam a 1950 para as eco\u00adno\u00admias,\u00a0em 2020 fiz um c\u00e1l\u00adculo muito me\u00adlhor.<\/a><\/p>\n

Mas agora\u00a0eco\u00adno\u00admistas mar\u00adxistas da Uni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00addade de Mas\u00adsa\u00adchu\u00adsetts Amherst, li\u00adde\u00adrados por De\u00ade\u00adpankur Basu, apre\u00adsen\u00adtaram novas provas<\/a>\u00a0uti\u00adli\u00adzando dados com\u00adpi\u00adlados pelo eco\u00adno\u00admista mar\u00adxista bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro Adalmir Mar\u00adquetti. Mar\u00adquetti ex\u00adpandiu e mo\u00addi\u00adficou as Penn World Ta\u00adbles de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advidas pelo\u00a0Gro\u00adningen Growth and De\u00adve\u00adlop\u00adment Centre<\/a>\u00a0no que ele chama as Ex\u00adtended Penn World Ta\u00adbles (EPWT). As EPWT foram de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advidas pela pri\u00admeira vez por Mar\u00adquetti em 2004 e desde ent\u00e3o tenho uti\u00adli\u00adzado aquela base de dados para os meus c\u00e1l\u00adculos da taxa mun\u00addial de lucro. Mas agora Mar\u00adquetti emitiu uma s\u00e9rie atu\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzada EPWT 7.0. E esta s\u00e9rie pode ser uti\u00adli\u00adzada para cal\u00adcular uma taxa mun\u00addial de lucro ba\u00adseada num grande n\u00fa\u00admero de pa\u00edses a partir de 1960.<\/p>\n

Basu et al. uti\u00adlizam os novos dados EPWT para cons\u00adtruir uma taxa mun\u00addial de lucro como m\u00e9dia pon\u00adde\u00adrada das taxas de lucro a n\u00edvel na\u00adci\u00adonal, em que a quota de um pa\u00eds no stock de ca\u00adpital mun\u00addial \u00e9 uti\u00adli\u00adzada como pon\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o. Na\u00adtu\u00adral\u00admente esta taxa mun\u00addial \u00e9 apenas uma m\u00e9dia mun\u00addial apro\u00adxi\u00admada. Uma m\u00e9dia mun\u00addial ade\u00adquada im\u00adpli\u00adcaria a agre\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os s, C e v do mundo. Basu et al. sa\u00adli\u00adentam que \u00e9 in\u00adcor\u00adreto agregar as taxas de lucro a n\u00edvel do pa\u00eds uti\u00adli\u00adzando o pro\u00adduto in\u00adterno bruto (PIB) como pon\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim, es\u00adtudos an\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores como o de Maito e o meu uti\u00adli\u00adzaram um es\u00adquema de pon\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adcor\u00adreto pois de\u00adveria ser uti\u00adli\u00adzado o stock de ca\u00adpital do pa\u00eds. Con\u00adcordo, e na minha vers\u00e3o mais re\u00adcente da taxa de lucro mun\u00addial fui mais longe e agre\u00adguei o s, o C e o v para os pa\u00edses do G20 uti\u00adli\u00adzando as Ta\u00adbelas Mun\u00addiais Penn 10.0 que re\u00admontam a 1950. Assim, n\u00e3o foi ne\u00adces\u00ads\u00e1rio pon\u00adderar os pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n

L\u00e1 se vai o m\u00e9\u00adtodo.<\/p>\n

Taxa anual global de lucro em 25 pa\u00edses<\/b><\/p>\n

Basu et al. con\u00adcluem que: “As s\u00e9\u00adries de taxas de lucro mun\u00addiais agre\u00adgadas por pa\u00eds mos\u00adtram uma forte ten\u00add\u00eancia li\u00adnear ne\u00adga\u00adtiva para o pe\u00adr\u00edodo 1960-1980 e uma ten\u00add\u00eancia li\u00adnear ne\u00adga\u00adtiva mais fraca de 1980 a 2019. Uma an\u00e1\u00adlise de de\u00adcom\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o a m\u00e9dio prazo re\u00advela que o de\u00adcl\u00ednio da taxa de lucro mun\u00addial \u00e9 con\u00addu\u00adzido por um de\u00adcl\u00ednio no r\u00e1cio pro\u00adduto-ca\u00adpital. A taxa de lucro mun\u00addial agre\u00adgada da in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria mostra uma ten\u00add\u00eancia li\u00adnear ne\u00adga\u00adtiva para o pe\u00adr\u00edodo 2000-2014 que, mais uma vez, \u00e9 con\u00addu\u00adzida por uma queda no r\u00e1cio pro\u00adduto-ca\u00adpital”.<\/p>\n

Assim, a lei de Marx \u00e9 en\u00adfa\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente jus\u00adti\u00adfi\u00adcada de modo em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adrico a n\u00edvel mun\u00addial. Nos n\u00fa\u00admeros de Amherst tem ha\u00advido um de\u00adcl\u00ednio se\u00adcular da taxa de lucro mun\u00addial nos \u00fal\u00adtimos 80 anos de -25%, co\u00adme\u00ad\u00e7ando com a enorme crise de ren\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade a partir de 1966, le\u00advando \u00e0 grande queda global de 1980-82. Se\u00adguiu-se o cha\u00admado re\u00adnas\u00adci\u00admento “ne\u00ado\u00adli\u00adberal” da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade at\u00e9 1996 (+11%). De\u00adpois disso, a eco\u00adnomia mun\u00addial en\u00adtrou na\u00adquilo a que chamei “uma longa de\u00adpress\u00e3o<\/a>“, quando a lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade voltou a cair, su\u00adbindo bre\u00adve\u00admente no boom do cr\u00e9\u00addito dos anos 2000 at\u00e9 2004, antes de cair no\u00adva\u00admente na Grande Re\u00adcess\u00e3o de 2008-9. Desde ent\u00e3o, a taxa de lucro mun\u00addial es\u00adtagnou e es\u00adtava perto do seu m\u00ed\u00adnimo his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico em 2019, antes da queda pan\u00add\u00ea\u00admica global de 2020. Cada queda global do p\u00f3s-guerra res\u00adsus\u00adcitou a lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade, mas n\u00e3o por muito tempo.<\/p>\n

Como \u00e9 que o c\u00e1l\u00adculo de Basu se com\u00adpara com o meu pr\u00f3\u00adprio feito em 2020? Tendo em conta que o meu \u00fal\u00adtimo c\u00e1l\u00adculo foi apenas para as 19 prin\u00adci\u00adpais eco\u00adno\u00admias do mundo (a UE \u00e9 um membro se\u00adpa\u00adrado do G20) e que o meu m\u00e9\u00adtodo de c\u00e1l\u00adculo \u00e9 algo di\u00adfe\u00adrente, os meus re\u00adsul\u00adtados mos\u00adtram uma se\u00adme\u00adlhan\u00e7a no\u00adt\u00e1vel. H\u00e1 o mesmo de\u00adcl\u00ednio se\u00adcular e os mesmos pontos de vi\u00adragem. Talvez isto n\u00e3o seja de\u00adma\u00adsiado sur\u00adpre\u00aden\u00addente, pois tanto eu como Basu et al. Es\u00adtamos a uti\u00adlizar a mesma base de dados sub\u00adja\u00adcente.<\/p>\n

Taxa de lucro nos pa\u00edses do G20<\/b><\/p>\n

A LQTTL de Marx ar\u00adgu\u00admenta que a taxa de lucro cair\u00e1 se a com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00e7\u00e3o or\u00adg\u00e2\u00adnica do ca\u00adpital (COC) au\u00admentar mais ra\u00adpi\u00adda\u00admente do que a taxa de mais-valia ou de ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho. Esta \u00e9 a raz\u00e3o sub\u00adja\u00adcente \u00e0 queda. Basu et al. de\u00adcom\u00adpu\u00adseram os com\u00adpo\u00adnentes da taxa mun\u00addial de lucro para ave\u00adri\u00adguar se isso \u00e9 cor\u00adreto. Des\u00adco\u00adbriram que a taxa mun\u00addial de lucro di\u00admi\u00adnuiu a uma taxa de cerca de 0,5% ao ano de 1960 a 2019, ao passo que a re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o pro\u00adduto-ca\u00adpital di\u00admi\u00adnuiu 0,8% ao ano (isto \u00e9 um proxy re\u00adc\u00ed\u00adproco para a COC) e a par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adpa\u00e7\u00e3o nos lu\u00adcros (um proxy para a taxa de valor ex\u00adce\u00addente) as\u00adcendeu cerca de 0,25% ao ano. Por\u00adtanto, isto apoia a lei de Marx de que a COC ir\u00e1 ul\u00adtra\u00adpassar a taxa de ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o do tra\u00adbalho a maior parte do tempo e assim levar a uma queda na taxa de lucro. En\u00adcon\u00adtrei um re\u00adsul\u00adtado se\u00adme\u00adlhante no meu do\u00adcu\u00admento de 2020.<\/p>\n

Ahmet Tonak, o maior es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlista mar\u00adxista mun\u00addial em contas na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais, tinha al\u00adgumas pre\u00ado\u00adcu\u00adpa\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a uti\u00adli\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o das Penn Ta\u00adbles como fonte de dados em bruto para o c\u00e1l\u00adculo, porque n\u00e3o dis\u00adtingue entre tra\u00adbalho pro\u00addu\u00adtivo (cri\u00adador de valor) e tra\u00adbalho im\u00adpro\u00addu\u00adtivo (uti\u00adli\u00adzador de valor) numa eco\u00adnomia. E isso pode levar a re\u00adsul\u00adtados di\u00adver\u00adgentes sobre a taxa de lucro nas eco\u00adno\u00admias na\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnais \u2013 os quais ele en\u00adcon\u00adtrou para a Tur\u00adquia.<\/p>\n

Po\u00addemos ir um pouco mais longe para lidar com esta pos\u00ads\u00edvel di\u00adver\u00adg\u00eancia ao con\u00adsi\u00adderar a taxa de lucro nos se\u00adtores n\u00e3o fi\u00adnan\u00adceiros, n\u00e3o re\u00adsi\u00adden\u00adciais, de uma eco\u00adnomia. N\u00e3o re\u00adsolve o pro\u00adblema de dis\u00adtin\u00adguir a m\u00e3o de obra im\u00adpro\u00addu\u00adtiva e pro\u00addu\u00adtiva dentro de um setor, mas pro\u00adpor\u00adciona al\u00adguma pre\u00adcis\u00e3o maior. Para mais in\u00adfor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es sobre esta quest\u00e3o, ver o\u00a0ex\u00adce\u00adlente tra\u00adbalho de Tsou\u00adlifis e Pai\u00adta\u00adridis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Basu e Wasner tamb\u00e9m pro\u00addu\u00adziram um painel de mos\u00adtra\u00addores da ren\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade para a taxa de lucro nos EUA que dis\u00adtingue a ren\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtiva n\u00e3o fi\u00adnan\u00adceira da ren\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adtiva. Com\u00adparei os re\u00adsul\u00adtados de Basu et al. (global) para a taxa de lucro nos EUA com os seus re\u00adsul\u00adtados para a taxa de lucro das cor\u00adpo\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o fi\u00adnan\u00adceiras nos EUA. Ambas as s\u00e9\u00adries se\u00adguem a mesma ten\u00add\u00eancia e pontos de vi\u00adragem, pelo que a di\u00adver\u00adg\u00eancia a este n\u00edvel n\u00e3o \u00e9 um pro\u00adblema sig\u00adni\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtivo.<\/p>\n

En\u00adtre\u00adtanto, du\u00adrante o pe\u00adr\u00edodo ne\u00ado\u00adli\u00adberal, a taxa de lucro dos EUA ba\u00adseada nos dados glo\u00adbais (que n\u00e3o dis\u00adtin\u00adguem se\u00adtores pro\u00addu\u00adtivos e im\u00adpro\u00addu\u00adtivos) au\u00admenta muito mais do que a taxa de lucro apenas sobre o setor n\u00e3o fi\u00adnan\u00adceiro uti\u00adli\u00adzando os c\u00e1l\u00adculos de Basu-Wasner. Isto su\u00adgere que a re\u00adcu\u00adpe\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o ne\u00ado\u00adli\u00adberal da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade foi ba\u00adseada prin\u00adci\u00adpal\u00admente numa mu\u00addan\u00e7a para o setor fi\u00adnan\u00adceiro por parte do ca\u00adpital \u2013 outra ex\u00adpli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o para a queda do in\u00adves\u00adti\u00admento pro\u00addu\u00adtivo exi\u00adbida nos EUA nesse pe\u00adr\u00edodo.<\/p>\n

EUA: Taxa de lucro e taxa n\u00e3o-fi\u00adnan\u00adceira<\/b><\/p>\n

Em suma, o es\u00adtudo de Basu et al. acres\u00adcentou ainda mais evi\u00add\u00eancia em\u00adp\u00ed\u00adrica em apoio \u00e0 lei de Marx a n\u00edvel mun\u00addial. A evi\u00add\u00eancia \u00e9 es\u00adma\u00adga\u00addora mas ainda assim os c\u00e9\u00adticos con\u00adti\u00adnuam a ig\u00adnor\u00e1-la e a negar a sua re\u00adle\u00adv\u00e2ncia. Os c\u00e9\u00adticos da lei da lu\u00adcra\u00adti\u00advi\u00addade de Marx est\u00e3o a tornar-se cada vez mais como os c\u00e9\u00adticos das mu\u00addan\u00e7as cli\u00adm\u00e1\u00adticas.<\/p>\n

O painel de mos\u00adtra\u00addores da ren\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade para a eco\u00adnomia dos EUA pode ser en\u00adcon\u00adtrado aqui:
\n<\/i>https:\/\/\u200bdbasu.\u200bshi\u200bnyap\u200bps.\u200bio\/\u200bPro\u200bfita\u200bbili\u200bty\/<\/i><\/a>\u00a0 e o painel para a taxa mun\u00addial em v\u00e1\u00adrios pa\u00edses aqui:\u00a0<\/i>https:\/\/\u200bdbasu.\u200bshi\u200bnyap\u200bps.\u200bio\/\u200bWorld-\u200bPro\u200bfita\u200bbili\u200bty\/<\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/i><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Michael Roberts – A lei de Marx sobre a queda ten\u00adden\u00adcial da taxa de lucro (LQTTL) tem sido for\u00adte\u00admente cri\u00adti\u00adcada ou ig\u00adno\u00adrada como sendo uma ex\u00adpli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o ir\u00adre\u00adle\u00advante das crises sob o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, tanto te\u00f3\u00adrica como em\u00adpi\u00adri\u00adca\u00admente. As cr\u00ed\u00adticas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o dos adeptos da te\u00adoria econ\u00f4\u00admica mains\u00adtream, os quais ge\u00adral\u00admente ig\u00adnoram o papel do lucro nas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16522,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[57],"class_list":["post-17451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia","tag-capitalismo"],"yoast_head":"\nUma taxa mundial de lucro: novas evid\u00eancias importantes - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2022\/03\/25\/uma-taxa-mundial-de-lucro-novas-evidencias-importantes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Uma taxa mundial de lucro: novas evid\u00eancias importantes - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Michael Roberts – A lei de Marx sobre a queda ten\u00adden\u00adcial da taxa de lucro (LQTTL) tem sido for\u00adte\u00admente cri\u00adti\u00adcada ou ig\u00adno\u00adrada como sendo uma ex\u00adpli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o ir\u00adre\u00adle\u00advante das crises sob o ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlismo, tanto te\u00f3\u00adrica como em\u00adpi\u00adri\u00adca\u00admente. 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