{"id":11037,"date":"2019-07-18T09:26:24","date_gmt":"2019-07-18T12:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/controversia.com.br\/?p=11037"},"modified":"2019-07-16T21:36:48","modified_gmt":"2019-07-17T00:36:48","slug":"chico-de-oliveira-1933-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2019\/07\/18\/chico-de-oliveira-1933-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"Chico de Oliveira (1933-2019)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Blog da Boitempo<\/strong> – Nas\u00adcemos, como todos os pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9\u00adrica, dos do\u00adlo\u00adrosos e cru\u00e9is pro\u00adcessos de for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o do Novo Mundo a partir das des\u00adco\u00adbertas (?) ib\u00e9\u00adricas. Co\u00adnosco, re\u00adnasceu tamb\u00e9m o Velho Mundo. Uma ex\u00adtra\u00ador\u00addi\u00adn\u00e1ria com\u00adbi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o: o novo, fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00adando a acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital \u2013 numa \u00e9poca em que os me\u00adtais pre\u00adci\u00adosos eram a forma por ex\u00adce\u00adl\u00eancia do di\u00adnheiro \u2013, pro\u00advocou o re\u00adnas\u00adci\u00admento do velho. Uma co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adtei\u00adra\u00admente nova, cujo ob\u00adje\u00adtivo nunca foi, como nos s\u00e9\u00adculos an\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores, apenas a con\u00adquista ter\u00adri\u00adto\u00adrial \u2013 mes\u00adclavam-se pro\u00adpa\u00adga\u00e7\u00e3o da f\u00e9 crist\u00e3, co\u00adm\u00e9rcio e ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o de ri\u00adquezas co\u00admer\u00adciais. Co\u00adnosco nasceu a mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00addade. \u00c9ramos con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00e2\u00adneos dela, seus fau\u00adtores, junto com nossos con\u00adquis\u00adta\u00addores.<\/span><\/p>\n

Isso n\u00e3o quer dizer que n\u00e3o houve guerra e ex\u00adter\u00adm\u00ednio. No Brasil, as es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtivas mais re\u00adcentes falam de um con\u00adtin\u00adgente de 2,5 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de au\u00adt\u00f3c\u00adtones em 1500 (1), dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00eddos dis\u00adper\u00adsa\u00admente ao longo e ao largo do que cor\u00adres\u00adponde hoje ao nosso imenso ter\u00adri\u00adt\u00f3rio; re\u00addu\u00adzidos, ge\u00adno\u00adci\u00adda\u00admente, a pouco mais de 340 mil in\u00add\u00ed\u00adgenas \u2013 ape\u00adlido do equ\u00ed\u00advoco de ter-se des\u00adco\u00adberto as \u00cdn\u00addias \u2013 con\u00adcen\u00adtrados so\u00adbre\u00adtudo na Amaz\u00f4nia (cerca de 180 mil), com parcos, esqu\u00e1\u00adlidos mesmo, restos de po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o au\u00adt\u00f3c\u00adtone nas ou\u00adtras re\u00adgi\u00f5es bra\u00adsi\u00adleiras; estes, em geral, formam pe\u00adquenos grupos, j\u00e1 na maior parte com\u00adple\u00adta\u00admente acul\u00adtu\u00adrados, e si\u00adtuam-se no mais baixo es\u00adtrato so\u00adcial, de uma po\u00adbreza ex\u00adtrema (2). Uma ca\u00adt\u00e1s\u00adtrofe epi\u00adde\u00admi\u00ado\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgica que se om\u00adbreia com todas as grandes pestes eu\u00adro\u00adpeias e asi\u00e1\u00adticas.<\/p>\n

O sen\u00adtido da co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o foi mer\u00adcantil (3) e se ex\u00adpressou, pri\u00admeiro, na ex\u00adtra\u00e7\u00e3o da ma\u00addeira que daria nome ao que, no fu\u00adturo, seria cha\u00admado \u201cpa\u00eds do fu\u00adturo\u201d. Mas ra\u00adpi\u00adda\u00admente trans\u00adfor\u00admado num em\u00adpre\u00aden\u00addi\u00admento pro\u00addu\u00adtivo, numa col\u00f4nia de pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o ou de ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o, com a in\u00adtro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o da cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar, que os por\u00adtu\u00adgueses ha\u00adviam trans\u00adpor\u00adtado da \u00c1frica para a ilha da Ma\u00addeira e trans\u00adfor\u00admado numa ati\u00advi\u00addade lu\u00adcra\u00adtiva com\u00adbi\u00adnando la\u00advoura e in\u00add\u00fas\u00adtria.<\/p>\n

A posse da terra foi logo de\u00adfi\u00adnida pelas ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adnias e, de\u00adpois, pelas ses\u00adma\u00adrias de pro\u00advi\u00add\u00eancia real. Con\u00adcen\u00adtrada, desde logo, o que viria a ser um dos pi\u00adlares da an\u00adces\u00adtral es\u00adtru\u00adtura econ\u00f4\u00admica, so\u00adcial e po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adtica da col\u00f4nia, que se pro\u00adlongou s\u00e9\u00adculos al\u00e9m. O su\u00adcesso da ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o re\u00adfor\u00e7ou a con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00e7\u00e3o fun\u00addi\u00e1ria. E a co\u00adbi\u00e7a in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal: Fran\u00e7a e Ho\u00adlanda n\u00e3o s\u00f3 na\u00admo\u00adraram a enorme pos\u00adsess\u00e3o da coroa por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, como che\u00adgaram a in\u00advadi-la \u2013 os pri\u00admeiros por pouco tempo, no Rio de Ja\u00adneiro, ainda no s\u00e9\u00adculo 16, e os se\u00adgundos por um quarto do s\u00e9\u00adculo 17, no Nor\u00addeste a\u00e7u\u00adca\u00adreiro, dis\u00adpu\u00adtando o a\u00e7\u00facar e o tr\u00e1\u00adfico de es\u00adcravos. A In\u00adgla\u00adterra pi\u00adra\u00adteou sempre que p\u00f4de, at\u00e9 trans\u00adformar-se na pa\u00adtru\u00adlheira dos mares e pa\u00adtrona da ex\u00adtin\u00e7\u00e3o do tr\u00e1\u00adfico ne\u00adgreiro.<\/p>\n

Fosse como ne\u00adces\u00adsi\u00addade de m\u00e3o de obra, de\u00advido \u00e0 ina\u00addap\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o da po\u00adpu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o au\u00adt\u00f3c\u00adtone a tra\u00adba\u00adlhos re\u00adgu\u00adlares e \u00e0 sua fuga para re\u00admotas pa\u00adra\u00adgens, fosse como um grande ne\u00adg\u00f3cio, j\u00e1 no s\u00e9\u00adculo 16 o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio de es\u00adcravos ne\u00adgros afri\u00adcanos se trans\u00adformou em outro pilar dessa es\u00adtru\u00adtura, im\u00adpri\u00admindo sua marca a ferro e fogo no corpo dos es\u00adcravos e no corpo da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade. No dizer de Luiz Fe\u00adlipe de Alen\u00adcastro, a col\u00f4nia ame\u00adri\u00adcana era o lugar da pro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o, e a \u00c1frica negra, o da re\u00adpro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o (4).<\/p>\n

Pro\u00adva\u00advel\u00admente nada menos de 4 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de afri\u00adcanos ne\u00adgros apor\u00adtaram no Brasil, num total de 10 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es, que se dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00edram tamb\u00e9m pela Am\u00e9\u00adrica es\u00adpa\u00adnhola e pelas An\u00adti\u00adlhas fran\u00adcesa, bri\u00adt\u00e2\u00adnica, ho\u00adlan\u00addesa e di\u00adna\u00admar\u00adquesa \u2013 des\u00adtaque para Ja\u00admaica, Cuba e Es\u00adtados Unidos (5). Esse es\u00adtigma est\u00e1 na origem de pro\u00adblemas at\u00e9 hoje ir\u00adre\u00adso\u00adlutos, mesmo de\u00adpois que a eco\u00adnomia \u2013 j\u00e1 bra\u00adsi\u00adleira e in\u00adtei\u00adra\u00admente ca\u00adpi\u00adta\u00adlista \u2013 chegou a ser a se\u00adgunda de maior cres\u00adci\u00admento no s\u00e9\u00adculo que foi de 1870 a 1970, apro\u00adxi\u00adma\u00adda\u00admente.<\/p>\n

O par se\u00adnhor-es\u00adcravo as\u00adsentou as bases de uma es\u00adtru\u00adtura so\u00adcial bi\u00adpolar, que formou a maior parte da na\u00e7\u00e3o. A casa-grande e a sen\u00adzala s\u00e3o o bras\u00e3o dessa so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade (6) \u2013 em\u00adbora esse pa\u00addr\u00e3o bi\u00adpolar n\u00e3o tenha se re\u00adpro\u00addu\u00adzido no resto da col\u00f4nia que de\u00adpois se tor\u00adnaria in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00addente, foi a ca\u00adrac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adtica pa\u00adtri\u00admo\u00adni\u00ada\u00adlista-pa\u00adter\u00adna\u00adlista que formou a eco\u00adnomia e a so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade. J\u00e1 no s\u00e9\u00adculo XIX, a re\u00adgi\u00e3o Sul e parte da Su\u00addeste se di\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcaram \u00e9t\u00adnica e es\u00adtru\u00adtu\u00adral\u00admente, com a che\u00adgada de imi\u00adgrantes da Eu\u00adropa em\u00adpo\u00adbre\u00adcida.<\/p>\n

Du\u00adrante um breve tempo, o El\u00addo\u00adrado es\u00adteve nos alu\u00advi\u00f5es e nas pro\u00adfun\u00addezas das Minas Ge\u00adrais. At\u00e9 hoje, quem quiser pode vi\u00adsitar, nos fundos de po\u00e7os de minas em Ouro Preto, a morte dou\u00adrada de mi\u00adlhares de ne\u00adgros, sub\u00adme\u00adtidos a se\u00admanas in\u00adteiras pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente en\u00adter\u00adrados. A vida deles foi emol\u00addu\u00adrada em ouro e hoje faz a gl\u00f3ria de ca\u00adpelas e ma\u00adtrizes do bar\u00adroco bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro.<\/p>\n

Em toda a col\u00f4nia, outra di\u00adfe\u00adren\u00e7a es\u00adsen\u00adcial: com as re\u00adservas da re\u00adpro\u00addu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00c1frica, o es\u00adcra\u00advismo foi um sis\u00adtema du\u00adra\u00admente pre\u00adda\u00adt\u00f3rio; a ex\u00adpec\u00adta\u00adtiva de vida de um es\u00adcravo no Brasil n\u00e3o ul\u00adtra\u00adpas\u00adsava em muito os trinta anos. A m\u00e3e preta ficou na sau\u00addade das ge\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de brancos que se ali\u00admen\u00adtaram de seu leite e suas lendas afri\u00adcanas pela ex\u00adcep\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adli\u00addade da du\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o da vida dos es\u00adcravos do\u00adm\u00e9s\u00adticos, porque os do eito, da la\u00advoura, cedo mor\u00adriam (7).<\/p>\n

Es\u00adfolar o es\u00adcravo at\u00e9 a alma era bom ne\u00adg\u00f3cio para os pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios e para os tra\u00adfi\u00adcantes. Os Es\u00adtados Unidos, com um atraso de quase um s\u00e9\u00adculo como col\u00f4nia, abrigam hoje mais de 250 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de ha\u00adbi\u00adtantes, en\u00adquanto o Brasil, que as\u00adsustou de\u00adm\u00f3\u00adgrafos malthu\u00adsi\u00adanos na me\u00adtade do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, tem apenas cerca de 175 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de pes\u00adsoas; \u00e9 claro que o cres\u00adci\u00admento de\u00admo\u00adgr\u00e1\u00adfico norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcano ex\u00adcep\u00adci\u00adonal \u00e9 fruto tamb\u00e9m da in\u00adtensa mi\u00adgra\u00e7\u00e3o eu\u00adro\u00adpeia atra\u00edda \u201cpara fazer a Am\u00e9\u00adrica\u201d \u2013 fluxo que con\u00adtinua at\u00e9 hoje, subs\u00adti\u00adtu\u00eddo pela mi\u00adgra\u00e7\u00e3o de la\u00adtino-ame\u00adri\u00adcanos.<\/p>\n

Apesar do \u201cex\u00adclu\u00adsivo co\u00adlo\u00adnial\u201d, isto \u00e9, a parte do le\u00e3o que fi\u00adcava para a me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, os \u201cne\u00adg\u00f3\u00adcios do Brasil\u201d cres\u00adceram e pros\u00adpe\u00adraram; se desde o in\u00edcio a col\u00f4nia era em re\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole uma es\u00adp\u00e9cie de gi\u00adgante que n\u00e3o pas\u00adsava pela es\u00adtreita goela por\u00adtu\u00adguesa, o de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento co\u00adlo\u00adnial foi ra\u00adpi\u00adda\u00admente trans\u00adfor\u00admando a me\u00adtr\u00f3\u00adpole numa de\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia econ\u00f4\u00admica da col\u00f4nia. \u00c9 sim\u00adb\u00f3\u00adlica dessa in\u00advers\u00e3o a ex\u00adtra\u00adva\u00adg\u00e2ncia da mu\u00addan\u00e7a da sede do im\u00adp\u00e9rio para o Brasil, quando a corte se de\u00adsa\u00adbalou para c\u00e1 em naus, fu\u00adgindo das tropas na\u00adpo\u00adle\u00f4\u00adnicas de Junot, nos cal\u00adca\u00adnhares de d. Maria I, a Louca, e seu filho d. Jo\u00e3o VI, ent\u00e3o re\u00adgente e fu\u00adturo rei.<\/p>\n

Bo\u00ada\u00adven\u00adtura de Sousa Santos fala mesmo de Por\u00adtugal como uma se\u00admi\u00adpe\u00adri\u00adferia en\u00adca\u00adla\u00adcrada entre a Eu\u00adropa \u2013 a que fi\u00adnal\u00admente se uniu nas \u00fal\u00adtimas d\u00e9\u00adcadas do s\u00e9\u00adculo 20 \u2013 e um im\u00adp\u00e9rio d\u00e9\u00admod\u00e9, na \u00c1frica, que n\u00e3o con\u00adse\u00adguiu en\u00adtrar na di\u00advis\u00e3o in\u00adter\u00adna\u00adci\u00adonal do tra\u00adbalho j\u00e1 ul\u00adtra\u00adpas\u00adsada pela Se\u00adgunda Re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00e7\u00e3o In\u00addus\u00adtrial \u2013 en\u00adcru\u00adzi\u00adlhada que pro\u00adduziu a tra\u00adg\u00e9dia afri\u00adcana e o em\u00adbo\u00adta\u00admento por\u00adtu\u00adgu\u00eas.<\/p>\n

O co\u00adm\u00e9rcio e as ati\u00advi\u00addades pro\u00addu\u00adtivas mo\u00advidas a bra\u00e7o es\u00adcravo man\u00adti\u00adveram e re\u00adfor\u00ad\u00e7aram a con\u00adcen\u00adtra\u00e7\u00e3o fun\u00addi\u00e1ria. Ti\u00adveram seu apogeu e de\u00adca\u00edram a mi\u00adne\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o e o co\u00adm\u00e9rcio do ouro, e o mesmo ocorreu com a cri\u00ada\u00e7\u00e3o de gado solto pelo pampa ga\u00facho e pelos ser\u00adt\u00f5es \u00e1ridos do Nor\u00addeste, que fi\u00adzeram com que o pa\u00eds ti\u00advesse o maior re\u00adbanho bo\u00advino do mundo, so\u00admente ul\u00adtra\u00adpas\u00adsado pela \u00cdndia, onde a vaca \u00e9 sa\u00adgrada e, por isso, im\u00adpro\u00addu\u00adtiva. De\u00adpois do ad\u00advento do cha\u00admado tra\u00adba\u00adlhador livre, di\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adfi\u00adcaram-se as ati\u00advi\u00addades ao Sul, en\u00adquanto se en\u00adfra\u00adque\u00adceram no Norte agr\u00e1rio, es\u00adpe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente no que viria a ser o Nor\u00addeste.<\/p>\n

Na vi\u00adrada do s\u00e9\u00adculo 19 para o s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, quando a Go\u00adodyear, f\u00e1\u00adbrica de pneus norte-ame\u00adri\u00adcana, vul\u00adca\u00adnizou o l\u00e1tex, ir\u00adrompeu o surto da bor\u00adracha na Amaz\u00f4nia. Mi\u00adlhares de nor\u00addes\u00adtinos par\u00adti\u00adci\u00adparam da maior trans\u00admi\u00adgra\u00e7\u00e3o in\u00adterna vista at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o; nesse pro\u00adcesso, con\u00advi\u00adveram com a ma\u00adl\u00e1ria e as se\u00adz\u00f5es e er\u00adgueram te\u00ada\u00adtros dou\u00adrados em Ma\u00adnaus \u2013 onde at\u00e9 o tenor ita\u00adliano En\u00adrico Ca\u00adruso cantou. Che\u00adgaram \u00e0 Bo\u00adl\u00edvia, onde o ce\u00ada\u00adrense Pl\u00e1\u00adcido de Castro li\u00adderou, no s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, a ane\u00adxa\u00e7\u00e3o do Acre, hoje es\u00adtado bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro.<\/p>\n

Nessa \u00e9poca, co\u00adme\u00e7ou a des\u00adpontar o ouro verde (caf\u00e9), que se\u00adguiu das bar\u00adrancas do Pa\u00adra\u00edba do Sul, no Rio de Ja\u00adneiro, mar\u00adchou para o oeste, sen\u00adtido vale do Pa\u00adra\u00edba, em S\u00e3o Paulo, e foi bater no Oeste pau\u00adlista \u2013 no s\u00e9\u00adculo 20, a ca\u00adfei\u00adcul\u00adtura tomou de as\u00adsalto o Norte pa\u00adra\u00adna\u00adense, re\u00admon\u00adtando-o. Con\u00adverteu-se, de\u00adpois, na mais im\u00adpor\u00adtante mer\u00adca\u00addoria do co\u00adm\u00e9rcio mun\u00addial, s\u00f3 ul\u00adtra\u00adpas\u00adsada pelo pe\u00adtr\u00f3leo quando j\u00e1 ia avan\u00ad\u00e7ado o s\u00e9\u00adculo 20.<\/p>\n

As mu\u00addan\u00e7as na es\u00adtru\u00adtura so\u00adcial, na forma de ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o das ri\u00adquezas, na es\u00adtru\u00adtura da pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00addade, no es\u00adta\u00adtuto do tra\u00adbalho, com imi\u00adgrantes es\u00adtran\u00adgeiros, ita\u00adli\u00adanos, es\u00adpa\u00adnh\u00f3is, por\u00adtu\u00adgueses e, de\u00adpois, ja\u00adpo\u00adneses subs\u00adti\u00adtuindo o tra\u00adbalho es\u00adcravo nas re\u00adgi\u00f5es em curva as\u00adcen\u00addente de pros\u00adpe\u00adri\u00addade, abalam as es\u00adtru\u00adturas po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticas de um r\u00ed\u00adgido, mas ma\u00adquiado, uni\u00adta\u00adrismo da \u00fanica mo\u00adnar\u00adquia do con\u00adti\u00adnente. O pa\u00eds real era mais uma con\u00adfe\u00adde\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o de oli\u00adgar\u00adquias lo\u00adcais e \u00e0s vezes re\u00adgi\u00ado\u00adnais, com\u00adbi\u00adnando os po\u00adderes econ\u00f4\u00admicos com os po\u00adl\u00ed\u00adticos de fato.<\/p>\n

Desde a In\u00adcon\u00adfi\u00add\u00eancia Mi\u00adneira, em 1789 \u2013 que n\u00e3o chegou a ter, pro\u00adpri\u00ada\u00admente, ex\u00adpress\u00e3o mi\u00adlitar e, por\u00adtanto, li\u00adber\u00adta\u00addora \u2013, pas\u00adsando pelas re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es li\u00adbe\u00adrais de 1817, 1824 e 1848 do ciclo \u201cnor\u00addes\u00adtino\u201d, com a guerra da In\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia de en\u00adtre\u00admeio, o pa\u00eds en\u00adtrou em con\u00advuls\u00e3o. Sim, guerra, pois, se no Su\u00addeste a coisa foi re\u00adla\u00adti\u00adva\u00admente pa\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfica, da Bahia a guar\u00adni\u00e7\u00e3o mi\u00adlitar por\u00adtu\u00adguesa foi ex\u00adpulsa apenas dois anos de\u00adpois. Houve ainda uma re\u00adg\u00eancia au\u00adto\u00adri\u00adt\u00e1ria, que go\u00adver\u00adnava em nome do im\u00adpe\u00adrador menor de idade e brandia pela es\u00adpada dos Lima e Silva, in\u00adclu\u00adsive o fu\u00adturo duque de Ca\u00adxias, o pro\u00adjeto au\u00adto\u00adcr\u00e1\u00adtico da bu\u00adro\u00adcracia. Nesse pe\u00adr\u00edodo con\u00adtur\u00adbado, a re\u00adg\u00eancia der\u00adrotou a Ca\u00adba\u00adnagem no Par\u00e1, a Ba\u00adlaiada no Ma\u00adra\u00adnh\u00e3o, a Re\u00advolta dos Mal\u00eas na Bahia, as re\u00advo\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do ciclo nor\u00addes\u00adtino j\u00e1 ci\u00adtadas e a Far\u00adrou\u00adpilha no Rio Grande.<\/p>\n

Foi um duro per\u00adcurso, do Qui\u00adlombo dos Pal\u00admares, no que \u00e9 hoje Ala\u00adgoas, at\u00e9 de\u00adsa\u00adguar, sem tem\u00adpes\u00adtade \u2013 at\u00e9 na his\u00adt\u00f3ria a me\u00adte\u00ado\u00adro\u00adlogia \u00e9 falha \u2013, na abo\u00adli\u00e7\u00e3o da es\u00adcra\u00adva\u00adtura, em 1888. Disse um con\u00adse\u00adlheiro do im\u00adp\u00e9rio: \u201cLi\u00adberta uma ra\u00e7a e perde uma coroa\u201d. Batia \u00e0s portas a Re\u00adp\u00fa\u00adblica.<\/p>\n

Desde logo, eis os ele\u00admentos do trun\u00adca\u00admento bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro, mesmo que n\u00e3o se ado\u00adtasse ponto de vista de de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico li\u00adnear. Trun\u00adca\u00admento que ali\u00admentou a au\u00adtoi\u00adronia dos bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros, \u00e0s vezes com humor c\u00e1us\u00adtico, mas ba\u00adseado em fatos reais: uma in\u00adde\u00adpen\u00add\u00eancia ur\u00addida pelos li\u00adbe\u00adrais, que se faz man\u00adtendo a fa\u00adm\u00edlia real no poder e trans\u00adformou-se ime\u00addi\u00ada\u00adta\u00admente numa re\u00adgress\u00e3o quase ti\u00adra\u00adni\u00adcida; um se\u00adgundo im\u00adpe\u00adrador que passou \u00e0 his\u00adt\u00f3ria como s\u00e1bio e n\u00e3o deixou pa\u00adlavra es\u00adcrita, salvo cartas de amor um tanto p\u00ed\u00adfias; uma abo\u00adli\u00e7\u00e3o pa\u00adc\u00ed\u00adfica, que r\u00f3i as en\u00adtra\u00adnhas da mo\u00adnar\u00adquia; uma re\u00adp\u00fa\u00adblica feita por mi\u00adli\u00adtares con\u00adser\u00adva\u00addores, mais au\u00adto\u00adcratas que o pr\u00f3\u00adprio im\u00adpe\u00adrador.<\/p>\n

Num re\u00adgistro n\u00e3o sar\u00adc\u00e1s\u00adtico: de\u00adsen\u00advol\u00advi\u00admento con\u00adser\u00advador a partir de rup\u00adturas his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adricas li\u00adber\u00adta\u00addoras.<\/p>\n

Notas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Este texto \u00e9 o pri\u00admeiro item do en\u00adsaio de aber\u00adtura do livro\u00a0Brasil: uma bi\u00ado\u00adgrafia n\u00e3o-au\u00adto\u00adri\u00adzada<\/em>, de Chico de Oli\u00adveira, pu\u00adbli\u00adcado pela Boi\u00adtempo em 2018.<\/p>\n

1) Carmen Ber\u00adnardo, \u201cIm\u00adpe\u00adri\u00ada\u00adlismos ib\u00e9\u00adricos<\/em>\u201d, em Marc Ferro (org.),\u00a0O livro negro do co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00ada\u00adlismo\u00a0<\/em>(Rio de Ja\u00adneiro, Edi\u00adouro, 2004). J\u00e1 se falou em cerca de 6 mi\u00adlh\u00f5es de \u00edn\u00addios \u00e0 \u00e9poca da che\u00adgada de Ca\u00adbral, mas pes\u00adquisas e es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtivas pos\u00adte\u00adri\u00adores re\u00addu\u00adziram a cifra \u00e0s pro\u00adpor\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es ci\u00adtadas por Ber\u00adnardo.<\/p>\n

2) Essas es\u00adti\u00adma\u00adtivas, ainda mais im\u00adpre\u00adcisas, s\u00e3o da mesma fonte ci\u00adtada na nota an\u00adte\u00adrior.<\/p>\n

3) Em\u00adbora os his\u00adto\u00adri\u00ada\u00addores, desde os cro\u00adnistas da Con\u00adquista, te\u00adnham sempre co\u00adlo\u00adcado o acento na ex\u00adplo\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o como ob\u00adje\u00adtivo co\u00adlo\u00adnial, entre n\u00f3s foi Caio Prado Jr. quem, de\u00adci\u00addi\u00adda\u00admente, fez a in\u00adter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o do \u201csen\u00adtido da co\u00adlo\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d, cri\u00adando toda uma li\u00adnhagem na his\u00adto\u00adri\u00ado\u00adgrafia bra\u00adsi\u00adleira. Ver seus\u00a0His\u00adt\u00f3ria econ\u00f4\u00admica do Brasil<\/em>\u00a0(41. ed., S\u00e3o Paulo, Bra\u00adsi\u00adli\u00adense, 1994) e\u00a0For\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o do Brasil con\u00adtem\u00adpo\u00adr\u00e2neo<\/em>\u00a0(6. ed., S\u00e3o Paulo, Bra\u00adsi\u00adli\u00adense, 1961).<\/p>\n

4) Luiz Fe\u00adlipe de Alen\u00adcastro,\u00a0O trato dos vi\u00adventes: for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o do Brasil no Atl\u00e2n\u00adtico Sul<\/em>\u00a0(S\u00e3o Paulo, Com\u00adpa\u00adnhia das Le\u00adtras, 2000).<\/p>\n

5) Ibidem, p. 69, ta\u00adbela 1.<\/p>\n

6) Casa-grande & sen\u00adzala \u00e9 o t\u00ed\u00adtulo do cl\u00e1s\u00adsico de Gil\u00adberto Freyre, da ge\u00adra\u00e7\u00e3o de 1930, que in\u00adfletiu, de\u00adci\u00adsi\u00adva\u00admente, a in\u00adter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o da so\u00adci\u00ade\u00addade bra\u00adsi\u00adleira, aban\u00addo\u00adnando e re\u00adjei\u00adtando os cli\u00adch\u00eas da an\u00adtro\u00adpo\u00adlogia e da so\u00adci\u00ado\u00adlogia ra\u00adcistas, em favor do elogio \u00e0 mis\u00adci\u00adge\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o (30. ed., Rio de Ja\u00adneiro, Re\u00adcord, 1995).<\/p>\n

7) Gil\u00adberto Freyre d\u00e1 ex\u00adcep\u00adci\u00adonal re\u00adlevo ao papel das es\u00adcravas, e menos ao dos es\u00adcravos, na edu\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o se\u00adxual das ge\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de ho\u00admens e mu\u00adlheres brancos bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros. Esse papel se pro\u00adjetou no ima\u00adgi\u00adn\u00e1rio bra\u00adsi\u00adleiro como elogio da mu\u00adlata, que es\u00adconde, den\u00adgo\u00adsa\u00admente, uma dura do\u00admi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o de classe mesmo no Brasil atual. O Car\u00adnaval ca\u00adrioca \u00e9 mo\u00advido em torno do corpo da mu\u00adlata. Al\u00adguns dos prin\u00adci\u00adpais po\u00adetas bra\u00adsi\u00adleiros, como Ma\u00adnuel Ban\u00addeira, filho de es\u00adtirpe a\u00e7u\u00adca\u00adro\u00adcrata per\u00adnam\u00adbu\u00adcana, re\u00advelou em um de seus so\u00adnetos seu sonho mais aca\u00adri\u00adciado: dormir com uma negra. Jorge de Lima re\u00advela o des\u00adlum\u00adbra\u00admento com o corpo de negra em \u201cEssa nega ful\u00f4\u201d.
\n***<\/p>\n

Ro\u00adberto Schwarz es\u00adcreve sobre Chico de Oli\u00adveira:<\/p>\n

\u201cO mar\u00adxismo agu\u00e7a o senso de re\u00ada\u00adli\u00addade de al\u00adguns, e em\u00adbota o de ou\u00adtros. Chico evi\u00adden\u00adte\u00admente per\u00adtence com muito brilho ao pri\u00admeiro grupo. Nunca a ter\u00admi\u00adno\u00adlogia do pe\u00adr\u00edodo his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adrico an\u00adte\u00adrior, nem da luta de classes, do ca\u00adpital ou do so\u00adci\u00ada\u00adlismo lhe serve para re\u00adduzir a cer\u00adtezas ve\u00adlhas as ob\u00adser\u00adva\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es novas. Pelo con\u00adtr\u00e1rio, a t\u00f4\u00adnica de seu es\u00adfor\u00e7o est\u00e1 em con\u00adceber as re\u00adde\u00adfi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es im\u00adpostas pelo pro\u00adcesso em curso, que \u00e9 pre\u00adciso adi\u00advi\u00adnhar e des\u00adcrever. Assim, os me\u00adninos ven\u00addendo alho e fla\u00adnela nos se\u00adm\u00e1\u00adforos n\u00e3o s\u00e3o a prova do atraso do pa\u00eds, mas de sua forma atroz de mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00e7\u00e3o. Algo an\u00e1\u00adlogo vale para as es\u00adcle\u00adroses re\u00adgi\u00ado\u00adnais, cuja ex\u00adpli\u00adca\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o est\u00e1 no imo\u00adbi\u00adlismo dos tra\u00addi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adna\u00adlistas, mas na in\u00adca\u00adpa\u00adci\u00addade pau\u00adlista para forjar uma he\u00adge\u00admonia mo\u00adder\u00adni\u00adza\u00addora acei\u00adt\u00e1vel em \u00e2m\u00adbito na\u00adci\u00adonal. Chico \u00e9 um mestre da di\u00ada\u00adl\u00e9\u00adtica.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Leia aqui\u00a0\u201cValor in\u00adte\u00adlec\u00adtual<\/a>\u201c<\/em>, de Ro\u00adberto Schwarz es\u00adcreve sobre Chico de Oli\u00adveira\u2019<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.correiocidadania.com.br\/2-uncategorised\/13825-chico-de-oliveira-1933-2019<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Blog da Boitempo – Nas\u00adcemos, como todos os pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9\u00adrica, dos do\u00adlo\u00adrosos e cru\u00e9is pro\u00adcessos de for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o do Novo Mundo a partir das des\u00adco\u00adbertas (?) ib\u00e9\u00adricas. Co\u00adnosco, re\u00adnasceu tamb\u00e9m o Velho Mundo. Uma ex\u00adtra\u00ador\u00addi\u00adn\u00e1ria com\u00adbi\u00adna\u00e7\u00e3o: o novo, fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00adando a acu\u00admu\u00adla\u00e7\u00e3o de ca\u00adpital \u2013 numa \u00e9poca em que os me\u00adtais pre\u00adci\u00adosos eram a forma por […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11038,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8],"tags":[23],"class_list":["post-11037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sociedade","tag-personalidade"],"yoast_head":"\nChico de Oliveira (1933-2019) - Controversia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/controversia.com.br\/pt\/2019\/07\/18\/chico-de-oliveira-1933-2019\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chico de Oliveira (1933-2019) - Controversia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Blog da Boitempo – Nas\u00adcemos, como todos os pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9\u00adrica, dos do\u00adlo\u00adrosos e cru\u00e9is pro\u00adcessos de for\u00adma\u00e7\u00e3o do Novo Mundo a partir das des\u00adco\u00adbertas (?) ib\u00e9\u00adricas. 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